Mathematics of Climate and Weather Forecasting最新文献

{"title":"Moisture Transport due to Baroclinic Waves: Linear Analysis of Precipitating Quasi-Geostrophic Dynamics","authors":"A. Wetzel, L. Smith, S. Stechmann","doi":"10.1515/mcwf-2017-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mcwf-2017-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The effects of rainfall speed, VT, and meridional/vertical moisture gradients on the meridional moisture transport are examined in the context of mid-latitude baroclinic waves. These effects are investigated in an idealized model that can be solved analytically. The model is systematically derived in a precipitating quasi-geostrophic limit, starting from a moist atmospheric model with minimal representation of cloud microphysics. Single-phase dynamics are considered, with a comparison of three cases: unsaturated, saturated with VT = 0, and saturated with VT > 0. The Eady problem for linear baroclinic waves is analyzed, with modifications to incorporate moisture. As a preliminary step, the moist waves are shown to have properties consistent with prior studies, including larger growth rates and smaller spatial scales in the saturated cases in comparison to the classic dry Eady problem. Then, in addition, it is shown that the meridional moisture flux, as a function of height, has a mid-tropospheric maximum in the case of VT = 0, and a maximum in the lower troposphere or at the surface for sufficiently large values of VT. These results for different VT values are discussed in the context of meridional moisture transport in observational data.","PeriodicalId":106200,"journal":{"name":"Mathematics of Climate and Weather Forecasting","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126882073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Charney Conjecture of Data Assimilation Employing Temperature Measurements Alone: The Paradigm of 3D Planetary Geostrophic Model","authors":"A. Farhat, E. Lunasin, E. Titi","doi":"10.1515/mcwf-2016-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mcwf-2016-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Analyzing the validity and success of a data assimilation algorithmwhen some state variable observations are not available is an important problem in meteorology and engineering. We present an improved data assimilation algorithm for recovering the exact full reference solution (i.e. the velocity and temperature) of the 3D Planetary Geostrophic model, at an exponential rate in time, by employing coarse spatial mesh observations of the temperature alone. This provides, in the case of this paradigm, a rigorous justification to an earlier conjecture of Charney which states that temperature history of the atmosphere, for certain simple atmospheric models, determines all other state variables.","PeriodicalId":106200,"journal":{"name":"Mathematics of Climate and Weather Forecasting","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123180281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An object-based model for convective cold pool dynamics","authors":"S. Böing","doi":"10.1515/mcwf-2016-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mcwf-2016-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A simple model of the organization of atmospheric moist convection by cold outflows is presented. The model consists of two layers: a lower layer where instability gradually builds up, and an upper layer where instability is rapidly released. Its formulation is inspired by Abelian sandpile models: instability and convection are both represented in terms of particles that are coupled to a lattice grid. An excess of particles in the lower layer triggers a particle release into the upper (cloud) layer. Particles in the upper layer also induce particle movement in the lower layer: this reverse coupling represents the effect of precipitation and the associated cold outflows. The model shows two behavioral regimes. Activity is scattered when the reverse coupling is weak, but when it is strong, convection forms cellular patterns. Though this model does not contain a detailed representation of physical processes in convection, it captures some key dynamical features of precipitating convection seen in satellite observations and LES studies. These include the formation of open cells, temporal oscillations in convective intensity, hysteresis, and the effect of precipitation on the scale of convection. We argue that an object-based representation of convection may be able to capture properties of convective organization that are missing in traditional parameterizations.","PeriodicalId":106200,"journal":{"name":"Mathematics of Climate and Weather Forecasting","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133928529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Initiation and termination of intraseasonal oscillations in nonlinear Laplacian spectral analysis-based indices","authors":"E. Székely, D. Giannakis, A. Majda","doi":"10.1515/mcwf-2016-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mcwf-2016-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We present a statistical analysis of the initiation and termination of boreal winter and boreal summer intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs). This study uses purely convection (infrared brightness temperature) data over a 23-year time interval from 1984–2006. The indices are constructed via the nonlinear Laplacian spectral analysis (NLSA) method and display high intermittency and non-Gaussian statistics. We first define primary, terminal, and full events in the NLSA-based indices, and then examine their statistics through the associated two-dimensional phase space representations. Roughly one full event per year was detected for the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO), and 1.3 full events per year for the boreal summer ISO.We also find that 91%of the recovered full MJO events are circumnavigating and exhibit very little to no retrograde (westward) propagation. The Indian Ocean emerges as the most active region in terms of both the onset and decay of events, however relevant activity occurs over all phases, consistent with previous work.","PeriodicalId":106200,"journal":{"name":"Mathematics of Climate and Weather Forecasting","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134079118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction skill of tropical synoptic scale transients from ECMWF and NCEP Ensemble Prediction Systems","authors":"S. Taraphdar, P. Mukhopadhyay, L. Leung, K. Landu","doi":"10.1515/mcwf-2016-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mcwf-2016-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The prediction skill of tropical synoptic scale transients (SSTR) such as monsoon low and depression during the boreal summer of 2007–2009 are assessed using high resolution ECMWF and NCEP TIGGE forecasts data. By analyzing 246 forecasts for lead times up to 10 days, it is found that the models have good skills in forecasting the planetary scale means but the skills of SSTR remain poor, with the latter showing no skill beyond 2 days for the global tropics and Indian region. Consistent forecast skills among precipitation, velocity potential, and vorticity provide evidence that convection is the primary process responsible for precipitation. The poor skills of SSTR can be attributed to the larger random error in the models as they fail to predict the locations and timings of SSTR. Strong correlation between the random error and synoptic precipitation suggests that the former starts to develop from regions of convection. As the NCEP model has larger biases of synoptic scale precipitation, it has a tendency to generate more random error that ultimately reduces the prediction skill of synoptic systems in that model. The larger biases in NCEP may be attributed to the model moist physics and/or coarser horizontal resolution compared to ECMWF.","PeriodicalId":106200,"journal":{"name":"Mathematics of Climate and Weather Forecasting","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131380801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Suite of Skeleton Models for the MJO with Refined Vertical Structure","authors":"S. Thual, A. Majda","doi":"10.1515/mcwf-2015-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mcwf-2015-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) is the dominant mode of variability in the tropical atmosphere on intraseasonal timescales and planetary spatial scales. The skeleton model is a minimal dynamical model that recovers robustly the most fundamental MJO features of (I) a slow eastward speed of roughly 5 ms−1, (II) a peculiar dispersion relation with dw/dk ≈ 0, and (III) a horizontal quadrupole vortex structure. This model depicts the MJO as a neutrally-stable atmosphericwave that involves a simple multiscale interaction between planetary dry dynamics, planetary lower-tropospheric moisture and the planetary envelope of synoptic-scale activity. Here we propose and analyze a suite of skeleton models that qualitatively reproduce the refined vertical structure of the MJO in nature. This vertical structure consists of a planetary envelope of convective activity transitioning from the congestus to the deep to the stratiform type, in addition to a front-to-rear (i.e. tilted) structure of heating, moisture, winds and temperature. A first example of skeleton model achieving this goal has been considered recently in work by the authors. The construction of such a model satisfies an energy conservation principle, such that its solutions at the intraseasonal-planetary scale remain neutrally stable. Here, additional classes of skeleton models are constructed based on the same principle. In particular, those new models are more realistic then the former one as they consider fully coupled interactions between the planetary dry dynamics of the first and second baroclinic mode and the details of the vertical structure of moisture and convective activity. All models reproduce qualitatively the refined vertical structure of the MJO. In addition,when considered with a simple stochastic parametrization for the unresolved details of synopticscale activity, all models show intermittent initiation, propagation and shut down of MJO wave trains, as in previous studies.","PeriodicalId":106200,"journal":{"name":"Mathematics of Climate and Weather Forecasting","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121040662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiscale asymptotics for the Skeleton of the Madden-Julian Oscillation and Tropical–Extratropical Interactions","authors":"Shengqian Chen, A. Majda, S. Stechmann","doi":"10.1515/mcwf-2015-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mcwf-2015-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Anew model is derived and analyzed for tropical–extratropical interactions involving the Madden– Julian oscillation (MJO). The model combines (i) the tropical dynamics of the MJO and equatorial baroclinic waves and (ii) the dynamics of barotropic Rossby waves with significant extratropical structure, and the combined system has a conserved energy. The method of multiscale asymptotics is applied to systematically derive a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) for three-wave resonant interactions. Two novel features are (i) a degenerate auxiliary problem with overdetermined equations due to a compatibility condition (meridional geostrophic balance) and (ii) cubic self-interaction terms that are not typically found in threewave resonance ODEs. Several examples illustrate applications to MJO initiation and termination, including cases of (i) the MJO, equatorial baroclinic Rossbywaves, and barotropic Rossbywaves interacting, and (ii) the MJO, baroclinic Kelvinwaves, and barotropic Rossbywaves interacting. Resonance with the Kelvinwave is not possible here if only dry variables are considered, but it occurs in the moist model here through interactions with water vapor and convective activity.","PeriodicalId":106200,"journal":{"name":"Mathematics of Climate and Weather Forecasting","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116814663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting the Cloud Patterns for the Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation Through a Low-Order Stochastic Model","authors":"N. Chen, A. Majda","doi":"10.1515/mcwf-2015-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mcwf-2015-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We assess the predictability limits of the large-scale cloud patterns in the boreal summer intraseasonal variability (BSISO), which are measured by the infrared brightness temperature, a proxy for convective activity. A recent developed nonlinear data analysis technique, nonlinear Laplacian spectrum analysis (NLSA), is applied to the brightness temperature data, defining two spatial modes with high intermittency associated with the BSISO time series. Then a recent developed data-driven physics-constrained low-ordermodeling strategy is applied to these time series. The result is a four dimensional system with two observed BSISO variables and two hidden variables involving correlated multiplicative noise through the nonlinear energyconserving interaction. With the optimal parameters calibrated by information theory, the non-Gaussian fat tailed probability distribution functions (PDFs), the autocorrelations and the power spectrum of the model signals almost perfectly match those of the observed data. An ensemble prediction scheme incorporating an effective on-line data assimilation algorithm for determining the initial ensemble of the hidden variables shows the useful prediction skill in the non-El Niño years is at least 30 days and even reaches 55 days in those years with regular oscillations and the skillful prediction lasts for 18 days in the strong El Niño year (year 1998). Furthermore, the ensemble spread succeeds in indicating the forecast uncertainty. Although the reduced linear model with time-periodic stable-unstable damping is able to capture the non-Gaussian fat tailed PDFs, it is less skillful in forecasting the BSISO in the years with irregular oscillations. The failure of the ensemble spread to include the truth also indicates failure in quantification of the uncertainty. In addition, without the energy-conserving nonlinear interactions, the linear model is sensitive with parameter variations. mcwfnally, the twin experiment with nonlinear stochastic model has comparable skill as the observed data, suggesting the nonlinear stochastic model has significant skill for determining the predictability limits of the large-scale cloud patterns of the BSISO.","PeriodicalId":106200,"journal":{"name":"Mathematics of Climate and Weather Forecasting","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124989139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulations of the humid atmosphere above a mountain","authors":"A. Bousquet, M. Chekroun, Youngjoon Hong, R. Temam, J. Tribbia","doi":"10.1515/mcwf-2015-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mcwf-2015-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract New avenues are explored for the numerical study of the two dimensional inviscid hydrostatic primitive equations of the atmosphere with humidity and saturation, in presence of topography and subject to physically plausible boundary conditions for the system of equations. Flows above a mountain are classically treated by the so-called method of terrain following coordinate system. We avoid this discretization method which induces errors in the discretization of tangential derivatives near the topography. Instead we implement a first order finite volume method for the spatial discretization using the initial coordinates x and p. A compatibility condition similar to that related to the condition of incompressibility for the Navier- Stokes equations, is introduced. In that respect, a version of the projection method is considered to enforce the compatibility condition on the horizontal velocity field, which comes from the boundary conditions. For the spatial discretization, a modified Godunov type method that exploits the discrete finite-volume derivatives by using the so-called Taylor Series Expansion Scheme (TSES), is then designed to solve the equations. We report on numerical experiments using realistic parameters. Finally, the effects of a random small-scale forcing on the velocity equation is numerically investigated.","PeriodicalId":106200,"journal":{"name":"Mathematics of Climate and Weather Forecasting","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127796335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal forecasting of tropical cyclone activity in the Australian and the South Pacific Ocean regions","authors":"J. Wijnands, G. Qian, K. Shelton, R. Fawcett, J. Chan, Y. Kuleshov","doi":"10.1515/mcwf-2015-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mcwf-2015-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Bureau) issues operational tropical cyclone (TC) seasonal forecasts for the Australian region (AR) and the South Pacific Ocean (SPO) and subregions therein. The forecasts are issued in October, ahead of the Southern Hemisphere TC season (November to April). Improvement of operational TC seasonal forecasts can lead to more accurate warnings for coastal communities to prepare for TC hazards. This study investigates the use of support vector regression (SVR) models, exploring new explanatory variables and non-linear relationships between them, the use of model averaging, and lastly the integration of forecast intervals based on a bias-corrected and accelerated non-parametric bootstrap. Hindcasting analyses show that the SVR model outperforms several benchmark methods. Analysis of the generated models shows that the Dipole Mode Index, 5VAR index and the Southern Oscillation Index are the most frequently selected as explanatory variables for TC seasonal forecasting in all regions. The usage of ENSOrelated covariates implies that definitions of regions and subregions may have to be updated to achieve optimal forecasting performance. Overall, the new SVR methodology is an improvement over the current linear discriminant analysis models and has the potential to increase accuracy of TC seasonal forecasts in the AR and SPO.","PeriodicalId":106200,"journal":{"name":"Mathematics of Climate and Weather Forecasting","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114559757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}