2020 Formal Methods in Computer Aided Design (FMCAD)最新文献

{"title":"Automating Modular Verification of Secure Information Flow","authors":"Lauren Pick, Grigory Fedyukovich, Aarti Gupta","doi":"10.34727/2020/isbn.978-3-85448-042-6_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34727/2020/isbn.978-3-85448-042-6_23","url":null,"abstract":"Verifying secure information flow by reducing it to safety verification is a popular approach, based on constructing product programs or self-compositions of given programs. However, most such existing efforts are non-modular, i.e., they do not infer relational specifications for procedures in interprocedural programs. Such relational specifications can help to verify security properties in a modular fashion, e.g., for verifying clients of library APIs. They also provide security contracts at procedure boundaries to aid code understanding and maintenance. There has been recent interest in constructing modular product programs, but where users are required to provide procedure summaries and related annotations. In this work, we propose to automatically infer relational specifications for procedures in modular product programs. Our approach uses syntax-guided synthesis techniques and grammar templates that target verification of secure information flow properties. This enables automation of modular verification for such properties, thereby reducing the annotation burden. We have implemented our techniques on top of a solver for constrained Horn clauses (CHC). Our evaluation demonstrates that our tool is capable of inferring adequate relational specifications for procedures without requiring annotations. Furthermore, it outperforms an existing state-of-the-art hyperproperty verifier and a modular CHC-based verifier on benchmarks with loops or recursion.","PeriodicalId":105705,"journal":{"name":"2020 Formal Methods in Computer Aided Design (FMCAD)","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125134000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ternary Propagation-Based Local Search for more Bit-Precise Reasoning","authors":"Aina Niemetz, Mathias Preiner","doi":"10.34727/2020/isbn.978-3-85448-042-6_29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34727/2020/isbn.978-3-85448-042-6_29","url":null,"abstract":"Current state of the art for reasoning about quantifier-free bit-vector constraints in Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) is a technique called bit-blasting, an eager translation into propositional logic (SAT). While efficient in practice, it may not scale for large bit-widths when the input size cannot be sufficiently reduced with preprocessing techniques. A recent propagation-based local search procedure was shown to be effective on hard satisfiable instances, in particular in combination with bit-blasting in a sequential portfolio setting. However, a major weakness of this approach is its obliviousness to bits that can be simplified to constant values. In this paper, we generalize propagation-based local search with respect to such constant bits to ternary values. We further extend the procedure to handle more bit-vector operators, and introduce heuristics for more precise inverse value computation via bound tightening for inequality constraints. We provide an extensive experimental evaluation and show that the presented techniques yield a considerable improvement in performance.","PeriodicalId":105705,"journal":{"name":"2020 Formal Methods in Computer Aided Design (FMCAD)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126675233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smart Induction for Isabelle/HOL (Tool Paper)","authors":"Yutaka Nagashima","doi":"10.34727/2020/isbn.978-3-85448-042-6_32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34727/2020/isbn.978-3-85448-042-6_32","url":null,"abstract":"Proof assistants offer tactics to facilitate inductive proofs; however, deciding what arguments to pass to these tactics still requires human ingenuity. To automate this process, we present smart_induct for Isabelle/HOL. Given an inductive problem in any problem domain, smart_induct lists promising arguments for the induct tactic without relying on a search. Our in-depth evaluation demonstrate that smart_induct produces valuable recommendations across problem domains. Currently, smart_induct is an interactive tool; however, we expect that smart_induct can be used to narrow the search space of automatic inductive provers.","PeriodicalId":105705,"journal":{"name":"2020 Formal Methods in Computer Aided Design (FMCAD)","volume":"130 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116207247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Learning Properties in LTL ∩ ACTL from Positive Examples Only","authors":"Rüdiger Ehlers, I. Gavran, D. Neider","doi":"10.34727/2020/isbn.978-3-85448-042-6_17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34727/2020/isbn.978-3-85448-042-6_17","url":null,"abstract":"Inferring correct and meaningful specifications of complex (black-box) systems is an important problem in practice, which arises naturally in debugging, reverse engineering, formal verification, and explainable AI, to name just a few examples. Usually, one here assumes that both positive and negative examples of system traces are given-an assumption that is often unrealistic in practice because negative examples (i.e., examples that the system cannot exhibit) are typically hard to obtain. To overcome this serious practical limitation, we develop a novel technique that is able to infer specifications in the form of universal very-weak automata from positive examples only. This type of automata captures exactly the class of properties in the intersection of Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) and the universal fragment of Computation Tree Logic (ACTL), and features an easy-to-interpret graphical representation. Our proposed algorithm reduces the problem of learning a universal very-weak automaton to the enumeration of elements in the Pareto front of a specifically-designed monotonous function and uses classical automaton minimization to obtain a concise, finite-state representation of the learned property. In a case study with specifications from the Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture, we demonstrate that our approach is able to infer meaningful, concise, and easy-to-interpret specifications from positive examples only.","PeriodicalId":105705,"journal":{"name":"2020 Formal Methods in Computer Aided Design (FMCAD)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126339332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Runtime Verification on FPGAs with LTLf Specifications","authors":"Tommy Tracy, L. M. Tabajara, Moshe Y. Vardi, K. Skadron","doi":"10.34727/2020/isbn.978-3-85448-042-6_10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34727/2020/isbn.978-3-85448-042-6_10","url":null,"abstract":"Runtime verification is a technique that evaluates a system's execution trace at runtime against a formal specification. This approach is particularly useful for safety-critical and autonomous systems to verify system functionality and allow for graceful recovery or intervention in the case of system faults. Specifications are often provided in a high-level form using some type of temporal logic, which can then be compiled into an automaton to be used as a monitor for the system. Existing work has mainly focused on implementing such monitors in software. In recent years there has been extensive research, however, in hardware acceleration of automata applications, which can potentially be extended to runtime monitoring. In this paper, we introduce an open-source framework for translating formulas in Linear Temporal Logic over finite traces (LTLf) into automata implementations on FPGAs for high-efficiency and high-performance runtime monitoring. By using the spatial dimension of FPGAs, we run many of these automata in parallel, significantly reducing the latency between violation and monitor report and achieving significant throughput. We compare the performance of four different architectures corresponding to the combinations of deterministic or nondeterministic automata with an explicit or symbolic representation, and determine the design parameters that result in efficient hardware utilization and higher clock frequencies. We found that explicit automata tend to use more hardware resources, in particular Lookup Tables (LUTs), than symbolic automata. An exception to this is in the case of Flip-Flop (FF) usage, where symbolic DFAs tend to use more FF resources than explicit NFAs for smaller designs. We also found that explicit NFAs can run at higher clock frequencies, except for very large automata with high edge densities. Symbolic NFAs use fewer Look-Up Table resources and run at higher clock frequencies than symbolic DFAs, whereas symbolic DFAs required fewer Flip-Flop resources, except in the case of very simple small automata with lower edge densities. Finally, we found that explicit automata hardware utilization significantly increases with input signal widths, motivating the use of symbolic automata for wide input signals.","PeriodicalId":105705,"journal":{"name":"2020 Formal Methods in Computer Aided Design (FMCAD)","volume":"06 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127217219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accelerating Parallel Verification via Complementary Property Partitioning and Strategy Exploration","authors":"Rohit Dureja, J. Baumgartner, Robert Kanzelman, Mark Williams, Kristin Yvonne Rozier","doi":"10.34727/2020/isbn.978-3-85448-042-6_8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34727/2020/isbn.978-3-85448-042-6_8","url":null,"abstract":"Industrial hardware verification tasks often require checking a large number of properties within a testbench. Verification tools often utilize parallelism in their solving orchestration to improve scalability, either in portfolio mode where different solver strategies run concurrently, or in partitioning mode where disjoint property subsets are verified independently. While most tools focus solely upon reducing end-to-end walltime, reducing overall CPU-time is a comparably-important goal influencing power consumption, competition for available machines, and IT costs. Portfolio approaches often degrade into highly-redundant work across processes, where similar strategies address properties in nearly-identical order. Partitioning should take property affinity into account, atomically verifying high-affinity properties to minimize redundant work of applying identical strategies on individual properties with nearly-identical logic cones. In this paper, we improve multi-property parallel verification with respect to both wall- and CPU-time. We extend affinity-based partitioning to guarantee complete utilization of available processes, with provable partition quality. We propose methods to minimize redundant computation, and dynamically optimize work distribution. We deploy our techniques in a sequential redundancy removal framework, using localization to solve non-inductive properties. Our techniques offer a median 2.4× speedup yielding 18.1% more property solves, as demonstrated by extensive experiments.","PeriodicalId":105705,"journal":{"name":"2020 Formal Methods in Computer Aided Design (FMCAD)","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133172521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anytime Algorithms for MaxSAT and Beyond","authors":"Alexander Nadel","doi":"10.34727/2020/isbn.978-3-85448-042-6_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34727/2020/isbn.978-3-85448-042-6_1","url":null,"abstract":"Given a propositional formula $F$ in Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF), a SAT solver decides whether it is satisfiable or not. It is often required to find a solution to a satisfiable CNF formula F, which optimizes a given Pseudo-Boolean objective function Ψ, that is, to extend SAT to optimization. MaxSAT is a widely used extension of SAT to optimization. A MaxSAT solver can be applied to optimize a Pseudo-Boolean objective function Ψ, given a CNF formula F, whenever Ψ is a linear function. MaxSAT has a diverse plethora of applications, including applications in computer-aided design, artificial intelligence, planning, scheduling and bioinformatics. A variety of approaches to MaxSAT have been developed over the last two decades. In this tutorial, we focus on anytime MaxSAT algorithms, where an anytime algorithm is expected to find better and better solutions, the longer it keeps running. The anytime property is crucial in industrial applications, since it allows the user to: 1) get an approximate solution even for very difficult instances, and 2) trade quality for performance by regulating the timeout. Anytime MaxSAT solvers have been evaluated at yearly MaxSAT Evaluations since 2011 in the so-called incomplete tracks. We trace the evolvement of anytime MaxSAT algorithms over the last decade and lay out the algorithms, applied by the winners of MaxSAT Evaluation 2020. Furthermore, we touch upon anytime algorithms for optimization problems beyond MaxSAT, such as bit-vector optimization and the problem of optimizing an arbitrary not-necessarily-linear function, given a CNF formula. Finally, we discuss challenges and future work.","PeriodicalId":105705,"journal":{"name":"2020 Formal Methods in Computer Aided Design (FMCAD)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116756158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EUFicient Reachability in Software with Arrays","authors":"Denis Bueno, Arlen Cox, K. Sakallah","doi":"10.34727/2020/isbn.978-3-85448-042-6_12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34727/2020/isbn.978-3-85448-042-6_12","url":null,"abstract":"Whether representing strings, heap objects, or numerical vectors, arrays are pervasive in software. Unfortunately, while several software model checkers support arrays, they tend to struggle with many array-manipulating programs due to work expended generating theory lemmas that are ultimately irrelevant or redundant. By judicious abstraction of array operations to the logic of equality with uninterpreted functions (EUF), we show that we can directly reason about array reads and adaptively learn lemmas about array writes leading to significant performance improvements over existing approaches. We find that our model checker solves more than 100 more SV-COMP benchmarks than SPACER, a leading model checker.","PeriodicalId":105705,"journal":{"name":"2020 Formal Methods in Computer Aided Design (FMCAD)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126200373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automating Compositional Analysis of Authentication Protocols","authors":"Zichao Zhang, Arthur Azevedo de Amorim, Limin Jia, C. Pasareanu","doi":"10.34727/2020/isbn.978-3-85448-042-6_18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34727/2020/isbn.978-3-85448-042-6_18","url":null,"abstract":"Modern verifiers for cryptographic protocols can analyze sophisticated designs automatically, but require the entire code of the protocol to operate. Compositional techniques, by contrast, allow us to verify each system component separately, against its own guarantees and assumptions about other components and the environment. Compositionality helps protocol design because it explains how the design can evolve and when it can run safely along other protocols and programs. For example, it might say that it is safe to add some functionality to a server without having to patch the client. Unfortunately, while compositional frameworks for protocol verification do exist, they require non-trivial human effort to identify specifications for the components of the system, thus hindering their adoption. To address these shortcomings, we investigate techniques for automated, compositional analysis of authentication protocols, using automata-learning techniques to synthesize assumptions for protocol components. We report preliminary results on the Needham-Schroeder-Lowe protocol, where our synthesized assumption was capable of lowering verification time while also allowing us to verify protocol variants compositionally.","PeriodicalId":105705,"journal":{"name":"2020 Formal Methods in Computer Aided Design (FMCAD)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130968457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Verifying Properties of Bit-vector Multiplication Using Cutting Planes Reasoning","authors":"Vincent Liew, P. Beame, Jo Devriendt, J. Elffers, J. Nordström","doi":"10.34727/2020/isbn.978-3-85448-042-6_27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34727/2020/isbn.978-3-85448-042-6_27","url":null,"abstract":"Systems mixing Boolean logic and arithmetic have been a long-standing challenge for verification tools such as SAT-based bit-vector solvers. Though SAT solvers can be highly efficient for Boolean reasoning, they scale poorly once multiplication is involved. Algebraic methods using Gröbner basis reduction have recently been used to efficiently verify multiplier circuits in isolation, but generally do not perform well on problems involving bit-level reasoning. We propose that pseudo-Boolean solvers equipped with cutting planes reasoning have the potential to combine the complementary strengths of the existing SAT and algebraic approaches while avoiding their weaknesses. Theoretically, we show that there are optimal-length cutting planes proofs for a large class of bit-level properties of some well known multiplier circuits. This scaling is significantly better than the smallest proofs known for SAT and, in some instances, for algebraic methods. We also show that cutting planes reasoning can extract bit-level consequences of word-level equations in exponentially fewer steps than methods based on Gröbner bases. Experimentally, we demonstrate that pseudo-Boolean solvers can verify the word-level equivalence of adder-based multiplier architectures, as well as commutativity of bit-vector multiplication, in times comparable to the best algebraic methods. We then go further than previous approaches and also verify these properties at the bit-level. Finally, we find examples of simple nonlinear bit-vector inequalities that are intractable for current bit-vector and SAT solvers but easy for pseudo-Boolean solvers.","PeriodicalId":105705,"journal":{"name":"2020 Formal Methods in Computer Aided Design (FMCAD)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130652550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}