ERN: Taxation最新文献

{"title":"In Charge of What the Taxes are Paid by Individual Taxpayers","authors":"J. Żyżyński","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1334957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1334957","url":null,"abstract":"Taxes are always simply a price we have to pay for existing and operation of the State - for the roles it plays. The main question that arises is: in charge of what taxpayers pay their taxes. The Author shows in diagram in charge of what taxes are paid by taxpayers of different levels of income and discusses main consequences of this for tax policy. He shows that tax cuts for taxpayers of different income levels give different results. Only tax cuts made in the area of low and medium income are likely to promote global demand. So tax reforms in the European Union made to \"reinforce domestic demand\" had to miss their declared objective as mainly upper tax rates were reduced within the tax progression scale. Demand grew up indeed - but it mainly took the form of demand for securities on financial markets.","PeriodicalId":105680,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Taxation","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121379260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corporations' Choice of Tax Regime when Transition Costs are Small and Income Shifting Potential is Large","authors":"Annette Alstadsæter, K. R. Wangen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1264937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1264937","url":null,"abstract":"The literature provides ambiguous results on the effect of taxes on businesses’ choice of organizational form, partly due to a lack of good firm-level data. Our micro data covers the full population of non-financial Norwegian corporations over ten years. During this period, the dual income tax system allowed corporations to shift tax regime without changing organizational form. We show that the income shifting potential is large for the active owners of a corporation that participate in a tax reducing coalition. Our results show that corporations respond to tax incentives and change tax regime in order to reduce tax payments. But persistent cohort effects in the choice of tax regime and substantial unobserved corporation-specific effects indicate that non-tax factors matter as well. Corporations founded prior to the introduction of the dual income tax differ substantially from those founded after in their adaptation to the incentives for shifting tax regime.","PeriodicalId":105680,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Taxation","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123626447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Composition of Public Finances and Long-Term Growth: A Macroeconomic Approach","authors":"Francisco de Castro, José Manuel Gonzalez Minguez","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1287971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1287971","url":null,"abstract":"This study reviews, from both a theoretical and empirical perspective, the links between composition and quality of public finances, on the one hand, and long-term economic growth, on the other, focusing on the EU-15 countries. Specifically, for a given level of the general government balance, factors such us the composition of revenues and expenditures, an efficient use of public resources or even the public sector size may condition long-term growth insofar as they affect the allocation of resources. On the expenditure side, the available empirical evidence suggests that resources devoted to public investment on transport and communication infrastructures entail positive spillovers on the accumulation of physical capital and the productivity thereof. Moreover, expenditure on education is deemed to increase human capital and labour productivity. Conversely, as far as other R&D and health-care expenditure items are concerned, despite the theoretical arguments supporting their beneficial effects of on long-term growth, the evidence is less conclusive. In turn, public expenditure has to be financed by tax revenues, which on the other hand are also set to achieve other important goals such as income redistribution or macroeconomic stabilisation. However, taxes may involve a negative impact on economic efficiency by distorting agents’ decisions. Nevertheless, from a theoretical point of view, the complexity of the analysis of the final incidence of the tax burden hampers a proper assessment of the effects of the different tax categories on economic growth. Finally, the more efficient fiscal policy is, the higher the stimulus on economic growth will be. This advocates for the implementation of budgetary techniques aimed at the fulfilment of the targets set by the general government at the lowest cost possible, notably budgeting according to the results obtained, cost-benefit analysis or medium-term budgetary strategies. However, the implementation of such mechanisms has yielded only moderately satisfactory results, suggesting the need for further improvements. In particular, available analytical tools for the measurement of the efficiency of fiscal policies, in terms of the achievement of given targets at the lowest cost possible, are not accurate enough. Therefore, further progress in this area is a priority.","PeriodicalId":105680,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Taxation","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116000213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zero Corporate Income Tax in Moldova: Tax Competition and Its Implications for Eastern Europe","authors":"Marcin Piatkowski, Mariusz Jarmuzek","doi":"10.5089/9781451870619.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451870619.001","url":null,"abstract":"Global economic integration intensified tax competition and raised concerns about the resulting \"race to the bottom\", which could undermine public investment and social spending. The aim of this paper is to test predictions that (i) there is interdependence in CIT rate setting in Eastern Europe and that (ii) the recent CIT cut in Moldova may intensify tax competition in the region. It finds that there is indeed evidence that during 1995-2006 countries in Eastern Europe strategically responded to changes in CIT rates in the region and that Moldovan zero CIT is likely to encourage further cuts in CIT. The paper also discusses implications of tax competition for Eastern Europe and finds that FDI flows will not be much affected, tax revenues are likely to decline, the shift in the composition in tax revenue may increase economic efficiency, but decrease equity. Tax coordination, while difficult politically, could help stem further decline in corporate taxation, but any gains might be modest and not certain to exceed the costs of tax coordination. Without tax coordination, however, it is unclear what exactly could stop corporate taxes from falling further.","PeriodicalId":105680,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Taxation","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115710942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Globalisation, Tax Competition and the Harmonisation of Corporate Tax Rates in Europe: A Case of Killing the Patient to Cure the Disease?","authors":"K. McCarthy, Frederik van Doorn, Brigitte Unger","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1243809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1243809","url":null,"abstract":"This paper surveys the literature on tax competition, and uses it to analyse current European proposals to harmonise corporate tax rates. It begins, in the course of Section One, by introducing the phenomenon of international tax competition, and illustrates, with the use of secondary research, the reality of the regulatory ‘race to the bottom’. Section Two, however, demonstrates the harmful consequences of tax competition – with reference to the immobile factors of production – and makes obvious the necessity of effective intervention. Section Three then introduces and evaluates the calibre of the current proposals to tackle tax competition through collusion and harmonisation, and concludes negatively in the process. As illustrated in this discussion, any efforts to harmonise corporate taxes above the international equilibrium will not only fail to solve the problem at hand, but will exacerbate them, and may even serve to undermine and destabilise the political Union. Section Four then introduce an alternative solution to the problem – in the form of the residence principle – and Section Five concludes.","PeriodicalId":105680,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Taxation","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131354304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Progressive is Germany? Comparing the Redistributive Effects of Tax Benefit Systems in Europe","authors":"A. Peichl, Thilo Schaefer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1119172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1119172","url":null,"abstract":"When comparing tax benefit systems across Europe, Germany is usually regarded as a country with a high level of taxes and contributions which is often seen as a main challenge for the economic performance of the welfare state. In this paper, we analyse the progressivity and redistribution induced by the tax benefit systems in the EUR-15 countries. We show that the German system as a whole employs only a medium level of redistribution. However, this can be decomposed into a highly progressive income tax system, a highly unequal pre-tax income distribution and regressive social insurance contributions.","PeriodicalId":105680,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Taxation","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129613747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investment Decisions and the Preferred Taxation of Retained Earnings After the German Income Tax Reform 2008","authors":"Dominik Rumpf, Dirk Kiesewetter, Maik Dietrich","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1689411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1689411","url":null,"abstract":"This paper shows how to evaluate investment projects in transparently taxed partnerships and individual enterprises. After the German income tax reform 2008, there is an option for taxing retained earnings at a flat rate of 28.25 %‚ followed by a second taxation in the year of withdrawal. This is similar to double taxation in classical system of corporate and personal income taxes. Assuming certain expectations, the optimal alternative to any business investment is given by a capital market investment outside the business, which up from 2009 will be taxed at a flat rate of 25 %. Whether optional taxation is preferable to regular income taxation depends on the investor‘s personal income tax rate, the presumable date of withdrawal, and the capital market rate. For calculating the net present value of a project, a distinction must be made with respect to (1.) the origin of the funds (personal or firm level), the existence (2.) of a taxable income from the business and (3.) of preferably taxed earnings in the year of investment which may trigger early taxation of withdrawals.","PeriodicalId":105680,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Taxation","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125708277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tax Revenue in the European Union: Recent Trends and Challenges Ahead","authors":"G. Carone, G. Nicodème, J. Schmidt","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1803047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1803047","url":null,"abstract":"The governments of the European Union are facing important challenges that may impact both their need and their capacity to collect taxes. First, ageing will increase some social spending while reducing the potential of some tax bases such as labour. Second, globalisation has the potential to increase the mobility of capital and of high-skilled workers, making it more difficult to rely on them as a source of revenues. Finally, the desire to shift tax away from labour and to make work pay while retaining the social models will force Member States to find alternative robust tax bases. This paper reviews the most recent trends in taxation in the European Union and discusses several tax policy issues in the light of those coming challenges.","PeriodicalId":105680,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Taxation","volume":"146 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127253309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The EU Savings Directive (ESD): Taxation of Savings Income in the Form of Interest Payments (2003/48/EC, June 2003)","authors":"A. Ashta","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1293191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1293191","url":null,"abstract":"This is a paper explaining the EU Directive on Taxation of inter-State interest on savings. It concerns situations where the savings of an EU resident are placed in another member-State. The majority of EU States would like information disclosure so that they can tax the income received according to their self determined rates, usually a part of the progressive income tax. They can also use the information to question how the depositor earned the money. Therefore, States which receive a lot of savings inflows would like to continue to do so and would like to offer confidentiality. They prefer to levy a withholding tax on interest paid and share in with the state of residence.","PeriodicalId":105680,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Taxation","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131979508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Ethics of Tax Evasion: An Empirical Study of French Emba Students","authors":"Robert W. McGee, Bouchra M'Zali","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.956956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.956956","url":null,"abstract":"Most studies on tax evasion have taken either an economics or public finance perspective. Not many studies have investigated tax evasion from the perspective of ethics. One exception is a 1944 doctoral dissertation by Martin Crowe, a Catholic priest who examined the Christian (mostly Catholic) theological and philosophical literature of the past 500 years. His study identified a number of arguments that have been used to justify tax evasion over the centuries. The present study constructed a survey instrument that includes 15 of those historical arguments, plus 3 newer arguments, and distributed it to a group of French EMBA students to determine the extent of support for the various arguments that exists in France today using a seven-point Likert scale. The arguments are then ranked from strongest to weakest. Male and female scores are also compared to determine if there is a significant difference in response based on gender.","PeriodicalId":105680,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Taxation","volume":"172 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123265879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}