Public Health Law & Policy最新文献

{"title":"Precautionary Saving and Health Risk: Evidence from Italian Households Using a Time Series of Cross Sections","authors":"V. Atella, F. Rosati, M. Rossi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.856166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.856166","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we analyse the importance of precautionary saving in Italy. In contrast to previous studies, we focus on two contemporaneous sources of uncertainty, income and health expenditures, to explain the presence of precautionary saving. The major changes occurred in public health care policies from 1985 to 1996 have caused households to pay a larger share of their outof-the-pocket medical expenditures. We therefore expect consumers to react to this uncertainty by generating precautionary saving.Our results show strong support for the precautionary savinghypothesis as a response to health uncertainty.","PeriodicalId":105371,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Law & Policy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131131945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Taxes, Cigarette Consumption and Smoking Intensity","authors":"J. Adda, F. Cornaglia","doi":"10.1257/AER.96.4.1013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/AER.96.4.1013","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses the compensatory behavior of smokers. Exploiting data on cotinine concentration--a metabolite of nicotine--measured in a large population of smokers over time, we show that smokers compensate for tax hikes by extracting more nicotine per cigarette. Our study makes two important contributions. First, as smoking a given cigarette more intensively is detrimental to health, our results question the usefulness of tax increases. Second, we develop a model of rational addiction where agents can also adjust their intensity of smoking, and we show that the previous empirical results suffer from estimation biases.","PeriodicalId":105371,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Law & Policy","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131332346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Choosing to Be Harmed: Autonomy and its Limits in Living Organ Donor Transplantation","authors":"M. Simmerling","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.896263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.896263","url":null,"abstract":"The field organ transplantation has experienced rapid and dramatic advances and increases in the use of living organ donors during the past twenty years. During this time, important questions have emerged about the acceptability of their use, including the extent to which these donors can and should be understood as acting autonomously with regard to the decision to donate. I argue that the standard model of ethical decision-making currently being applied in the context of living organ donor transplantation distorts the philosophical requirements of the bioethical principles of beneficence/nonmaleficence, respect for persons, and justice. I argue that this model relies on a simplistic accounting of the concept of beneficence that reduces the goal of medicine to the promotion of the narrowly-defined health-based self-interests of individual patients and so cannot accommodate the various goods and harms that are legitimately given weight in risk/benefit calculations made by donors. I suggest a broader understanding of the requirements of beneficence that can be adopted to accommodate individual donor's conceptions of the good. Related to this, I argue that the picture of agency being applied in living organ donor decision-making relies on a superficial view of choice that equates freedom with independence from moral and emotional connections to other people and so cannot accommodate the complex choices embedded within many of the donor-recipient relationships that are often brought to bear in the context of living organ donor transplantation. I suggest that a different understanding of the role of emotion in donor decision-making - one that includes recognition that emotions have a positive role to play in decision-making - is needed in the context of living organ donor transplantation. I further argue that proponents of paying for organs rely on a conceptual mistake related to the picture of agency being applied in this area that conflates the philosophical requirements of the bioethical principle of respect for persons with those of justice. I suggest that a different conception of the requirements of these bioethical principles is needed in the context of living organ donor transplantation in order to adequately account for how potential living organ donors' values, goals, and moral connections to other people might complexly and legitimately influence their decisions, particularly the decision to donate. Though consideration of various paradigmatic cases, I demonstrate the essential practical importance of gaining a clear understanding of the requirements of these bioethical principles for informing practices and policies that effectively address some of the ethical complexities and challenges in this area.","PeriodicalId":105371,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Law & Policy","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131213065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Individual Risk Attitudes: New Evidence from a Large, Representative, Experimentally-Validated Survey","authors":"Thomas Dohmen, A. Falk, David Huffman, J. Schupp, U. Sunde, G. Wagner","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.807408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.807408","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents new evidence on the distribution of risk attitudes in the population, using a novel set of survey questions and a representative sample of roughly 22,000 individuals living in Germany. Using a question that asks about willingness to take risks in general, on an 11-point scale, we find evidence of heterogeneity across individuals, and show that willingness to take risks is negatively related to age and being female, and positively related to height and parental education. We test the behavioral relevance of this survey measure by conducting a complementary field experiment, based on a representative sample of 450 subjects, and find that the general risk question is a good predictor of actual risk-taking behavior. We then use a more standard lottery question to measure risk preferences in our sample of 22,000, and find similar results regarding heterogeneity and determinants of risk preferences, compared to the general risk question. The lottery question also makes it possible to estimate the coefficient of relative risk aversion for each individual in the sample. Using five questions about willingness to take risks in specific domains - car driving, financial matters, sports and leisure, career, and health - the paper also studies the impact of context on risk attitudes, finding a strong but imperfect correlation across contexts. Using data on a collection of risky behaviors from different contexts, including traffic offences, portfolio choice, smoking, occupational choice, participation in sports, and migration, the paper compares the predictive power of all of the risk measures. Strikingly, the general risk question predicts all behaviors whereas the standard lottery measure does not. The best predictor for any specific behavior is typically the corresponding context-specific measure.","PeriodicalId":105371,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Law & Policy","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116072984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Expert Judgment to Assess Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change: Evidence from a Conjoint Choice Survey","authors":"A. Alberini, Aline Chiabai, Lucija A Muehlenbachs","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.812972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.812972","url":null,"abstract":"We use conjoint choice questions to ask public health and climate change experts, contacted at professional meetings in 2003 and 2004, which of two hypothetical countries, A or B, they deem to have the higher adaptive capacity to certain effects of climate change on human health. These hypothetical countries are described by a vector of seven attributes, including per capita income, inequality in the distribution of income, measures of the health status of the population, the health care system, and access to information. Probit models indicate that our respondents regard per capita income, inequality in the distribution of income, universal health care coverage, and high access to information as important determinants of adaptive capacity. A universal-coverage health care system and a high level of access to information are judged to be equivalent to $12,000-$14,000 in per capita income. We use the estimated coefficients and country sociodemographics to construct an index of adaptive capacity for several countries. In panel-data regressions, this index is a good predictor of mortality in climatic disasters, even after controlling for other determinants of sensitivity and exposure, and for per capita income. We conclude that our conjoint choice questions provide a novel and promising approach to eliciting expert judgments in the climate change arena.","PeriodicalId":105371,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Law & Policy","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117257344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender, HIV/AIDS and Stigma: Understanding Prejudice against Women Living with HIV/AIDS","authors":"T. Marumo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1402573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1402573","url":null,"abstract":"The study explores various factors that contribute to the stigmatisation of women living with HIV and AIDS. Due to the social and economic status, women are not only more at risk of HIV Infection, but also blamed for their HIV Infection and thus women living with HIV and AIDS experience HIV and AIDS related stigma and discrimination very different.","PeriodicalId":105371,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Law & Policy","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133283026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Making Babies Healthier By Providing a Managed Care Option to California's Poor","authors":"T. Barham, P. Gertler, K. Raube","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1023788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1023788","url":null,"abstract":"The first chapter investigates whether mandating a managed care option for California Medicaid beneficiaries improves access to prenatal care and birth outcomes in a traditionally fee-for-service system. We compare two competing models: one that only offers a county-organized health system option (COHS), and the Two Plan Model (TPC) that provides mothers with a choice between the county system and a commercial managed care organization. The results show that while COHS improved access, only the TPC program led to reductions in low-birth weight. The superior health outcomes obtained with TPC might be explained by higher quality care induced by competition among health providers and/or mainstreaming Medi-Cal beneficiaries into commercial organizations that also serve higher income populations.","PeriodicalId":105371,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Law & Policy","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129230433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal Patterns of Compliance with Osha Health and Safety Regulations in the Manufacturing Sector","authors":"W. Gray, C. Jones","doi":"10.3386/W3213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W3213","url":null,"abstract":"We examine the impact of OSHA enforcement on company compliance with agency regulations in the manufacturing sector, with a unique plant-level data set of inspection and compliance behavior during 1972-1983, the first twelve years of the agency operation. The analysis suggests that, for an individual inspected plant, the average effect of OSHA inspections during this period was to reduce expected citations by 3.0 or by .36 s.d. The total effect on expected citations of additional inspections can be decomposed into two parts; evaluated at the mean of the sample, 59 percent of the total change in citations occurred due to an increase in the compliance rate; 41 percent was due to a reduction in citations among continuing violators.","PeriodicalId":105371,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Law & Policy","volume":"150 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123372114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Malaria from the Gap: Need for Cross-Sector Cooperation in Azerbaijan","authors":"T. Temel","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.986502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.986502","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the agricultural, environmental, and institutional determinants of malaria in Azerbaijan in 1999 and discusses ways to avoid its future outbreaks. Regression analysis and geographical maps are used to identify important policy variables for designing and implementing malaria control strategies. Results show that irrigation water use and soil salinity are significantly associated with malaria incidence, warranting further research to better understand the exact linkage mechanisms between agriculture and malaria. This also points out that there is scope for co-operation of agricultural, environmental and health organisations to reduce the spread of malaria.","PeriodicalId":105371,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Law & Policy","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114775874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic Impact of Environmental Health Risks on House Values in Southeast Region: A County-Level Analysis","authors":"Chau-Sa Ho, D. Hite","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.839211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.839211","url":null,"abstract":"A simultaneous model of house values, cancer mortality and total releases is simultaneously estimated to study effects of environmental health risks. Health risks include county level total releases, number of Superfund sites and cancer mortality in Southeastern U.S. Benefits of superfund cleanup and reduced releases are also estimated.","PeriodicalId":105371,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Law & Policy","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122641156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}