{"title":"Acknowledgments","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvnwbx3b.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvnwbx3b.5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":104711,"journal":{"name":"People and the Land through Time","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132623168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Agriculture and Its Residual Effects","authors":"Emily W. B. Southgate","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvnwbx3b.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvnwbx3b.14","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter shows how detailed historical ecological research indicates that the impacts of historical agriculture are more widespread than previously thought, and often more subtle. Even apparently obvious connections, such as that between nomadic grazing and erosion, are now being questioned by historical analyses. Agriculture has not resulted universally in decreased biodiversity; in fact, grazing over millennia has in places increased biodiversity. Historical agriculture is also being implicated in millennial scale increases in CO2 and CH4 in the atmosphere, the former from deforestation and fires and the latter from paddy rice agriculture starting five thousand years ago. The discovery of hidden field systems under mature temperate and tropical forests and grasslands in Europe and the Americas are allowing reassessment of the impact of prehistoric agricultural systems on soils, species diversity, landscape patterns, and climate. The concept of \"landnam\" episodes proposed by Iversen for northern Europe may be applicable much more broadly. This has major consequences for considering human impact on global environments.","PeriodicalId":104711,"journal":{"name":"People and the Land through Time","volume":"54 9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124694978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"History Hidden in the Landscape","authors":"Emily W. B. Southgate","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvnwbx3b.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvnwbx3b.7","url":null,"abstract":"Using a wide variety of examples, this chapter emphasizes evidence that all landscapes and ecosystems today reflect not only climate change but also intensive and extensive past human impacts. They cannot be interpreted solely based on conditions evident today. The imprints of past human activities which can be obvious or subtle, must be unraveled for understanding the system today. Historical ecology integrates various drivers of change, and stability, using interdisciplinary methods, to provide a deeper understanding of structure and function today. Conservation seeks in some places to maintain ecosystems that have arisen over centuries or even millennia due to human impact, for example, ancient woodlands and upland meadows in Europe. In many parts of the world such ancient systems are reservoirs of high biodiversity. Historical research illuminates the historical factors that contribute to this diversity, assisting in planning for conservation. A major point is that ecologists are apt to make mistakes in interpreting patterns and processes as well as in conservation and restoration if they do not consider the history of sites, which provides evidence of past variability and of processes that have led to the current conditions of the system.","PeriodicalId":104711,"journal":{"name":"People and the Land through Time","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133004736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fire: Mimicking Nature","authors":"Emily W. B. Southgate","doi":"10.12987/yale/9780300225808.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300225808.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter opens with a discussion naturally ignited fires and fire adaptations, which have evolved over millions of years. It then considers the role people have played over time in manipulating fire regimes, both locally and on a broad scale. Examples from diverse biomes such as the savannas and grasslands of South Africa and Madagascar, the forests of northern Europe and the grasslands and forests of North America provide evidence of the interactions between climate and human-set ignitions. The studies of the systems include analysis of a diverse range of evidence, including sediments, documents, and field evidence, analyzed using models that focus on patterns and processes of fire regimes under differing climates and human activities. The importance of perceptions of the role of fire is also discussed in terms of using fire for management, with examples of changes in attitude in North America from the 19th to the 21st centuries, which have led from seeing all fires as bad to valuing fire as a management tool. Analysis of the historical importance of human-set and natural fires has been critical to arriving at current management decisions.","PeriodicalId":104711,"journal":{"name":"People and the Land through Time","volume":"185 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122466728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Part III. Contributions of Historical Ecology to Understanding Ecological Issues","authors":"","doi":"10.12987/9780300249590-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300249590-006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":104711,"journal":{"name":"People and the Land through Time","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131401988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Extending Species’ Ranges","authors":"Emily W. B. Southgate","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvnwbx3b.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvnwbx3b.12","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers movement of species over time. Many land managers and ecologists consider invasive species to be the most important factor in disrupting \"natural\" ecosystems today, at least in North America. This chapter takes a historical approach to the process of species range extensions beginning with changes in the absence of human vectors, then considering the specifically human role in disseminating species world-wide. Human-mediated species' range extensions are ancient in many parts of the world so that what we might think of as \"natural\" may also have a human aspect. Using examples of range extensions of plants, animals, and disease-causing organisms, the discussion offers cautionary tales of species that have been introduced on purpose or inadvertently and have later caused severe disruptions to native ecosystems, as well as more positive examples of cultural landscapes in which non-native species are fully integrated into diverse and functional ecosystems. Comparing change over time in species diversity and importance may show unexpected patterns, such as the increase in both native and non-native plant species at the same sites in England. Historical studies also indicate that removal of the exotics may not lead to reestablishment of the native flora. Integration of some non-native species into a new ecosystem may eventually be more or less complete.","PeriodicalId":104711,"journal":{"name":"People and the Land through Time","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132825154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Diversity and Species Extinctions","authors":"Emily W. B. Southgate","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvnwbx3b.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvnwbx3b.16","url":null,"abstract":"Species extinction leads to diversity in terms of number of species worldwide. Locally, however, immigration of species may at the same time in many areas increase the number of species, that is, the diversity. These contrasting processes of extinction and immigration have been accelerated by people over the millennia. This chapter discusses the causes and consequences of the processes over time, including examples from many habitats which demonstrate that trying to understand the causes and values of diversity in an ecosystem without analysis of its history can lead to erroneous conclusions. Several types of habitats where disturbance, often caused by people, increases and maintains diversity are analyzed from an historical perspective. Examples are also given of studies of past extinctions and their causation using models which lead to reinterpretation of the causes of the extinctions. Whether considering the early Holocene extinction of the megafauna of most continents the diversity of coppice woodlands in England, or the loss of thylacines and Tasmanian devils in Australia, this chapter illustrates that the relationship between cause and effect is almost always a complex, multifactorial one, and includes both human and non-human causation.","PeriodicalId":104711,"journal":{"name":"People and the Land through Time","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115608139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Patterns of Human Settlement and Industrialization","authors":"Emily W. B. Southgate","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvnwbx3b.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvnwbx3b.15","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter treats a variety of human interactions with the land that trace their origins more to political and commercial drivers rather than directly to geology, topography, soils and local biota. Examples of land subdivisions are taken mostly from the United States, which illustrates a variety of land-use patterns that result from property surveys. Land hunger and government policies have also contributed to wars, which have altered landscapes. These have characterized the history of most parts of the world, having major repercussions on the environment as well as on people. Examples range over time and space. Industrialization increased the ability of people to travel and thus trade quickly over long distances thus intensifying and extending the impact of humans on the land, especially as industrialization further separated local land use from resource protection. Cities have flourished, often along trade routes, perhaps even before the development of agriculture Some all but disappeared, but all have had both local and regional effects on the land. Examples are discussed of effects both within cities today and resulting from cities that no longer exist.","PeriodicalId":104711,"journal":{"name":"People and the Land through Time","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130845376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Frontmatter","authors":"","doi":"10.12987/9780300249590-fm","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300249590-fm","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":104711,"journal":{"name":"People and the Land through Time","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122219989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Acknowledgments","authors":"","doi":"10.12987/9780300249590-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300249590-003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":104711,"journal":{"name":"People and the Land through Time","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134309315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号
