Day 2 Wed, March 08, 2023最新文献

{"title":"Environmentally Compliant Flexible Cement System Achieves Customer Zonal Isolation Objectives: A Case History from the Norwegian Continental Shelf","authors":"T. Akhmetov, J. Barreiro, Carl Johnson, J. Knowles","doi":"10.2118/212474-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212474-ms","url":null,"abstract":"An operator had a need to cement a 13⅜-in. casing to act as a secondary barrier against a reservoir with the top of cement 100 m above a sand formation. In a subsequent section, the operator required installing and cementing a 9⅝-in. liner as the primary barrier element prior to drilling into the reservoir and placing the top of cement up to the 13 ⅜-in. casing shoe. The operation required placing a minimum 30 m of isolating cement in the cemented interval, where verification of the barrier was to be obtained by using logging tools. To comprehend the operating environment the cement would experience, it was necessary to determine an optimal cement system for the anticipated pressure and temperature cycles in the well. The service company performed a cement integrity evaluation using specialized cement sheath stress analysis software. The simulation software determined which cement system was best suited for exposure to the anticipated pressure and temperature cycles during injection and production. Based on the simulation results, the operator decided to use an environmentally compliant flexible (ECF) cement system. This novel system also significantly reduced the CO2 emissions (CO2e) footprint vs. conventional cement. The operator drilled the 17½-in. open hole to 1888 m measured depth (MD) without any issues using a proprietary flat rheology drilling fluid system. A total of 18.9 m3 of 1.60 specific gravity (SG) ECF cement slurry was pumped. During displacement, no losses were observed as the spacer entered the annulus, and consistent lift pressure was observed as the cement entered the annulus. The job signature pressure match conducted using proprietary zonal isolation software indicated that the openhole size was near gauge hole. The 12¼-in. open hole was drilled, and the 9⅝-in. liner was successfully run to total depth without incident. A total of 16.1 m3 of 1.60 SG ECF cement slurry was pumped. No losses were observed during the cementing operation, and consistent lift pressure was recorded during displacement. The liner was logged using ultrasonic imaging tools, with the top-of-cement bond identified at the 13⅜-in. casing shoe with a total 248 m of isolating cement. The operation achieved the required isolation to install the cemented liner as the primary barrier element prior to drilling into the reservoir, in addition to the exceptional logging results. The ECF cement system provided outstanding bond quality from 1882 to 2130 m. Remarkably, as an energy transition technology when compared with a conventional foamed cement system, the ECF cement system reduced CO2 emissions by 44% and simplified the operation by eliminating the use of foamed cement. Furthermore, the ECF cement is environmentally rated as PLONOR (poses little or no risk) and eliminates the use of polymeric materials to impart flexibility.","PeriodicalId":103776,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, March 08, 2023","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133735712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drilling Dysfunction Demystified Using In-Bit Strain Sensors","authors":"Y. Witt-Doerring, P. Pastusek, Aaron Lacey, Pablo E. Barajas, Michael Bergeron, David Clayton, Steven F. Sowers","doi":"10.2118/212504-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212504-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Drilling dysfunction causes premature failure of bits and motors in hard formations. Dysfunctions may be influenced by; bit design, bottom hole assembly (BHA) design, rig control systems, connection practices, and rotating head use. Sensors that record weight, torque, and vibration in the bit can offer insights that are not detectable further up the BHA. By understanding the root causes before the next bit run, it is possible to rapidly improve performance and prolong bit life.\u0000 The formation being drilled in this study is a hard extremely abrasive shale, requiring 35+ runs per lateral section. The primary cause of polycrystalline diamond cutter (PDC) failure was smooth wear and thermal damage. The wear flats are attributed to abrasion and mechanical chipping that rapidly progress to thermal damage. Higher weights were not effective and it was hypothesized that buckling was occurring, causing insufficient weight transfer and increased lateral vibration. In-bit sensors that measure weight, torque, revolutions per minute (RPM), and lateral, axial and torsional vibration were run in hole to evaluate the weight transfer issues and dysfunction.\u0000 High frequency downhole and surface data were combined with forensic images of the bit and BHA to confirm the weight transfer issues. In total, three major problems were identified and rectified during this study: drill string buckling, rate of penetration (ROP) loss due to the use of rotating control devices (RCDs) and WOB and differential pressure (DIFP) tare inconsistencies.\u0000 Drill string buckling resulted in the downhole WOB being much less than surface WOB (DWOB<<SWOB) in early runs. Heavy weight drill pipe (HWDP) was run across the buckling zone to correct this. Subsequent runs showed a significant improvement in DWOB, reduction in lateral bit vibration, and improved performance and dull condition.\u0000 Significant decreases in DWOB, DIFP, and ROP were noted when running tool joints through the RCD. Although observed before, in-bit accelerometers showed an increased lateral vibration that was a result of the loss in ROP and this continued long after the ROP recovered.\u0000 DWOB and downhole torque (DTOR) were often much higher than SWOB and DIFP (converted to torque). Plots of hookload and stand pipe pressure tare values were used as indicators of inconsistent tares. Although premature motor failure were not noted in these runs, premature PDC cutter failure were.\u0000 High frequency in-bit load sensing was used to identify persistent lateral vibration after a ROP loss event due to tool joints interacting with RCDs. A team based, continuous improvement, process was used to evaluate the root cause of downhole dysfunction and recommend bit/BHA design and operating procedure changes before the next bit was on bottom. This rapid analysis and joint recommendation process significantly prolonged bit life and improved drilling performance.","PeriodicalId":103776,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, March 08, 2023","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123215344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving Performance – Electrification of Well Control Equipment","authors":"Samantha Beim, M. Givens, Bruce Boulanger, M. Olson","doi":"10.2118/212506-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212506-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Conventional BOP systems have used hydraulic operation for decades which limits both the performance and provides limited feedback on operational conditions. Electrically actuated BOP systems replace these complex hydraulic circuits with simplified components that improve overall system reliability. This paper will discuss the ambition to pivot from conventional hydraulic BOP systems to electrically enabled ones, with specific focus on the development of an electric bonnet for ram BOPs.\u0000 The new electric components are designed to be backwards compatible, such that major components like ram blocks and ram BOP bodies do not need to be replaced. The electric BOP system features a battery powered control skid that replaces traditional accumulators, while electrically actuated BOP components replace the conventional hydraulic versions. Verification and validation of this new technology includes shear modeling, system simulation, and laboratory testing. The equipment is designed to meet the intent and exceed the performance requirements of the latest industry and regulatory standards.\u0000 During development of the electric bonnet, the design team has shown that electric actuation of BOPs will provide equivalent shear force to existing hydraulic bonnets. The controlled actuation results in a more consistent and efficient shearing action. This improved shearing performance is achieved in the same BOP footprint as existing hydraulic BOPs. Additionally, the electric bonnet can perform as both a shear ram bonnet and a pipe ram bonnet which simplifies customer maintenance and spares stocking plans. As a result of these efforts, the electric BOP system development will provide greater operational latitude to meet a broader range of shearables, improve reliability, lower total cost of ownership, and reduce size and weight of the BOP system.","PeriodicalId":103776,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, March 08, 2023","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128033317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cloud-Based Real-Time Well Engineering: Coupling Torque-And-Drag and Uncertainty Modeling","authors":"Yuandao Chi, V. Kemajou, Anil Rajan, Robello Samuel","doi":"10.2118/212476-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212476-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Surface hookload and torque values serve as good indicators for some undesirable scenarios or anomalies during drilling, such as stuck pipe, buckling, and inadequate hole cleaning. However, to detect these risks, it requires drilling engineers to perform the friction factor calibration manually and regularly, which costs more effort and poses significant uncertainties on the detection. In this paper, a cloud-based real-time well engineering webapp has been developed to monitor and forecast tripping frictions and drilling performance. Results of field tests were presented to prove the successful testing of this cloud- based real-time workflow. Real-time hookload and torque values were streamed smoothly to the web application interface. Rig activity, friction factor, and mechanical specific energy (MSE) were also evaluated and displayed in real-time with predicted uncertainty zone. It has been demonstrated that this cloud-based web application supports a multi-tenancy architecture and multiple wells can stream simultaneously with no down time. This new workflow made it possible for drilling engineers to monitor live drilling wells anywhere and anytime while enabling the rig personnel to make significant improvements to operations and make timely and accurate decisions.","PeriodicalId":103776,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, March 08, 2023","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116196494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fault Classification and Diagnosis for Rotating Equipment using Machine Learning Algorithms","authors":"D. Emiris","doi":"10.5957/some-2023-025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/some-2023-025","url":null,"abstract":"Vessels typically house large sets of different, complex types of equipment; functional failures in them lead to operational stoppage or downgrade with impacts on performance, quality and/or cost. Preventive maintenance schedules are commonly employed, the optimization of which relates to the need of maintenance, the specific component where a problem is detected, the identified fault type, the severity, the expected remaining life within acceptable performance (confidence) limits, etc. Recent advances in sensors and in Machine Learning (ML) methods, have boosted both the fault diagnosis and prognosis, thus incenting companies to invest on the development of efficient Predictive Maintenance (PdM). In this work, we explore the PdM problem for a family of equipment, namely, compressors, through the application of ML techniques on large datasets obtained from on-board sensors. We first deal with the problem of identifying the most useful features in the frequency and time domains, that enable efficient classification and we demonstrate results on data pre-processing and feature extraction. We apply two different clustering and classification algorithms, namely, k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) Support Vector Machines (SVM) on big datasets obtained from laboratory and industrial setups. We demonstrate that early failure prediction and fault classification is feasible and provides ample opportunities for the development of PdM tactics that reduce cost and minimize risk. Finally, we comment on the appropriateness of features and evaluate the classification accuracy for simple fault cases.","PeriodicalId":103776,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, March 08, 2023","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125763028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-Term Optimal Ship Routing via Reliable Satellite Current Data","authors":"Artemis Ioannou, Evangelos Moschos, B. Le Vu, A. Stegner","doi":"10.5957/some-2023-044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/some-2023-044","url":null,"abstract":"Optimal ship routing systems require highly accurate oceanic data. Our technological innovation is based on the use of high-resolution currents derived from the fusion of various satellite observations by harnessing Artificial Intelligence methods. Today, routing strategies rely mainly on the outputs of operational oceanic models that cannot always guarantee the accurate prediction of surface currents. In this study we compare our HIRES currents data stemming from satellites, with commonly used operational oceanic models, reducing errors by more than a factor of two, both for a nowcast and short forecast scenarios. We explore a specific optimization example along a highly commercial shipping road in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, demonstrating the advantage of our method. We show that high reliability on the observed oceanic conditions allows for a short-term oceanic routing that can significantly optimize the ship’s voyage time as well as the ship’s fuel consumption. This low-cost/low-risk solution can be employed today to advance shipping decarbonization.","PeriodicalId":103776,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, March 08, 2023","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130361628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the Accuracy of a Kick-detection System by Reducing Effects of Rig Operational Practices","authors":"Deep R. Joshi, S. S. Yalamarty, C. Cheatham, M. Kamyab, Kelly Winklmann, Trish Ross, P. McCormack","doi":"10.2118/212452-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212452-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Novel methods are presented that update a real-time cloud-based kick-detection system introduced in SPE-208770-MS to handle false kick identifications caused by rig operations. A common weakness in kick-detection systems is false indications of kicks due to rig operations and drilling practices that cause changes in tank volumes. In this work, we will discuss the modifications made to the existing real-time kick-detection system to handle rig operational practices and reduce false positives.\u0000 The existing kick-detection system analyzes the trends in the drilling data such as tank volumes, flow rates, and pump rates to detect well control events. Extensive field use of this system showed that the rig operations such as transfers between tanks, tank swaps, and adding material to the active tanks have a severe impact on the false-positive rates. Two approaches were developed to handle such operational practices: - Transfer identification: identify transfers between monitored tanks - Comment watcher: Evaluate the rig-memos to check if they might identify an operation that explains the variation in the tank volumes.\u0000 These approaches were tested with historical wells and live wells. Transfers were identified in several historical wells with help from the operator subject matter experts (SMEs). Thresholds such as the rate of transfer and the window size were tuned to optimally identify transfers. The tuned algorithms correctly identified transfers between monitored tanks with more than 85% accuracy. This workflow was added to the existing kick-detection framework. The efficiency of the kick detection logic depends on dynamically adjusting various thresholds. If any transfers were identified, the thresholds were reset which helped further reduce the false positives by 20% - 25%. For the comment watcher, a keyword library was developed with help from the operator SMEs. This library contained a list of keywords that the rig crew frequently uses in the rig memos to describe the operations. Each keyword from the library was mapped to an alarm type to be suppressed. A workflow was implemented to identify if a rig memo contains a keyword and suppress the respective alarm. The comment watcher feature was then implemented on historical wells along with the transfer identification. These updates resulted in a 40% reduction in false positives while maintaining a 100% true positive identification rate.\u0000 This work improves the accuracy and efficacy of a previously presented (SPE 208770) real-time cloud- based kick-identification system by detecting and avoiding the impact of rig operations. Features such as transfer identification and comment watcher are added to determine if the changes in the tank volumes can be attributed to rig operations. This update was tested on historical wells and live wells. Working together, these features helped reduce the false positives by up to 40%.","PeriodicalId":103776,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, March 08, 2023","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114876884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drill String Failure Prediction Methodology Using Data Analytics for Real Time Well Engineering","authors":"B. Thakur, Vishrut Chokshi, Kushan Patel, Robello Samuel","doi":"10.2118/212456-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212456-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Vibration signals in the form of real-time accelerations recorded downhole often contain strong noise, making it difficult for fault or failure diagnosis during drillstring. Vibration signals include noise from sources, such as motors, bit and drillstring interactions with the borehole, rugged boreholes, and similar interactions. Sometimes, this noise is stronger than the underlying signal, which might lead to false alarms or misrecognition. This paper discusses a novel approach to diagnose failure in real-time, which is also robust to noise.\u0000 Existing methods for fault or failure diagnosis are based on threshold values of peak and average vibrational signals. This paper introduces a hybrid method of combining signal demodulation with spectral analysis to predict drillstring failure. This method deconvolutes the signal with the help of minimum entropy deconvolution (MED) and Teager-Kaiser energy operator (TKEO) to remove ambiguity as a result of noise. Then, the signal is decomposed into various intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) that have the highest correlation with the original signal and can be used for failure diagnosis.\u0000 This paper also discusses how spectral analysis can be applied on selected IMFs by comparing the IMF’s impact frequency with the system’s natural frequency so its harmonic drillstring failure can be diagnosed more precisely.","PeriodicalId":103776,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, March 08, 2023","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124678665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical analysis of the impact of the bow thruster opening on a fast catamaran’s resistance","authors":"S. Duman, E. Boulougouris, Myo Zin Aung, Xue Xu, A. Nazemian","doi":"10.5957/some-2023-034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/some-2023-034","url":null,"abstract":"Steering a ship in confined waters is particularly important for the efficient operation of high-speed ferries. Bow thruster is the obvious solution. It may have however an adverse effect on the resistance of the vessel. The interference between demi hulls in the case of catamarans becomes an important and complex phenomenon as it affects many aspects of the hydrodynamic performance of the vessel. This study has focused on the analysis of the fluid flow around a fast catamaran with/without a bow thruster tunnel. A zero-carbon fast passenger ferry catamaran hull has been subjected to resistance simulations at two different speeds. Firstly, the catamaran hull without a bow opening has been simulated by commercial RANS solver software. After that, the simulations have been repeated for the catamaran hull with bow thruster opening. Finally, the bow opening has been filled with a gridded plane for garbage straining. The findings are very interesting for the fast catamaran ferry designers and operators. They are discussed for all three conditions in a comparative approach.","PeriodicalId":103776,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, March 08, 2023","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130527041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastics and their Impact on the Marine Environment","authors":"J. Kokarakis, E. J. Kokarakis, E. Ladakis, H. Petrakakos","doi":"10.5957/some-2023-040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/some-2023-040","url":null,"abstract":"The present study investigates the negative impact of a marine polluter on the marine environment. Plastics degraded into micro and macroplastics harm the environment in many ways. Finding their way to the oceans cause increase in temperature at the surface and cooling in deeper waters. Degrading macroplastics releases potent greenhouse gases. More importantly, they are implicated to cause climate change. Plastic in the ocean affects its ability to act as a carbon sink by decelerating the “biogeochemical cycle of carbon”. The ocean is the largest natural sink for anthropogenic greenhouse gases. Various short- and long-term measures are also proposed to curb the flow of plastic waste into the Oceans.","PeriodicalId":103776,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Wed, March 08, 2023","volume":"257 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115796941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}