Human Factors and Simulation最新文献

{"title":"Attention Military/Commercial Simulation Developers, Users, & Trainers: Visually-induced or Motion-induced Sickness is not Necessarily More Severe for Women","authors":"B. Lawson, Jeffrey B. Bolkhovsky","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1003571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003571","url":null,"abstract":"Extended reality (XR), head-mounted displays (HMD), simulators, and advanced vehicle/teleoperation display-control systems show promise for augmenting job skills training or aiding mission decision-making among aviators, astronauts, ship handlers, emergency responders, etc. Unfortunately, such systems require unnatural sensorimotor integration which often induces motion-sickness and/or visually-induced motion sickness (VIMS). NATO and other groups are studying who is most vulnerable, which will inform system design and training protocols. A common assertion is that most studies find women far more susceptible to motion sickness/VIMS, and a recent article called one type of virtual reality (VR) “sexist in its effects.” We reviewed how many studies support the notion that women are more susceptible. We amassed the largest known sample of relevant literature involving direct empirical or survey studies of potential sex difference among studies of motion sickness or VIMS. To date, 76 relevant studies have been identified, among which only 37 (48.7%) are consistent with the assertion that women are more susceptible than men. Such findings require researchers, developers, and trainers to refrain from concluding a sex difference exists presently, especially since many studies are not tightly controlled. Premature judgments could harm military/workforce readiness, career prospects of women, and dissemination of useful technologies.","PeriodicalId":102446,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors and Simulation","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127467016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward Understanding Development of Team Resilience during Stress Exposure Training","authors":"J. Johnston, D. Patton","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1001494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001494","url":null,"abstract":"The demand for understanding stress resilience in Soldiers has continued unabated for decades. In this paper we applied the Bowers et al. (2017) team resilience model to test hypotheses about whether U.S. Army squads participating in a three-day Stress Exposure Training would respond with resilient stress reactions, positive team and learning climate attitudes, and learning outcomes. Anxiety, depression, hostility, sensation seeking, and positive affect showed mild to strong indications of resilient “bounce back” after scenario based training, and positive team attitudes emerged early in training and remained high. Soldiers that reported higher team cohesion and learning climate scored higher on a post-training knowledge test. These findings indicate that individual and team resilience are emergent states and multiple measures of individual and team attitudes and behaviors are critical for diagnosing a team development over time. Recommendations for future research are discussed.","PeriodicalId":102446,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors and Simulation","volume":"29 15","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131539407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward the Development of A Realistic, Low-Cost “Gender Retrofit Kit” For Use In Combat Medicine Training","authors":"Angela Alban, Cheryl Coiro, Trisha Patel, J. Beaubien, Mark V. Mazzeo","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1001497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001497","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundBystanders often hesitate when rendering first aid to females, particularly it requires disrobing the individual (Leary et al, 2018). In addition to the delayed application of first aid, the lifesaver’s actual task performance may also be less effective than when treating injured males. This can occur, for example, when the lifesaver does not fully expose the wound (Bell et al., 2020). The Army has invested heavily in the acquisition of realistic patient manikins for training combat medicine skills. However, given logistical constraints, it will be difficult to acquire an equal number of female patient manikins. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop and test a low-cost manikin “Gender Retrofit Kit” (GRK). The GRK included a breast “vest” that is affixed to the torso, a realistic vagina that is affixed to the groin, a wig, facial makeup, and instructions for “feminizing” the manikin’s appearance. MethodWe recruited a convenience sample of 36 Combat Lifesavers and Combat Medics who were completing their recurrent annual training. At the end of their scheduled training, the participants were invited to practice three medical procedures (treatment of penetrating trauma to the leg via tourniquet, treatment of gunshot wound via application of a chest seal, and treatment of tension pneumothorax via needle chest decompression). Of the three medical procedures, only the last two required disrobing the patient. Therefore, we hypothesized that if performance issues were to occur, they would be localized here. The participants practiced the three procedures using two different manikin types: a standard male manikin and the GRK-outfitted manikin. The order of manikin presentation was counterbalanced. Measures of task quality, task completion times, and usability questionnaires were collected. Results and ConclusionsThe sample was primarily male (78%), and included nearly equal numbers of Combat Lifesavers (42%) and Combat Medics (44%). A post-simulation questionnaire suggested no significant mean differences between the standard vs. GRK manikins with regard to the simulators’ perceived realism, anatomical correctness, or ability to provide meaningful skills practice. However, statistically higher mean scores were reported for questionnaire items that focused on the female manikin’s realistic breast tissue, realistic skin texture, and feminine facial appearance. Linear mixed models were used to separately test the effects of participant gender (or job title), manikin gender, and their interaction on both task performance speed and quality. There were no statistically significant differences in task completion order or speed of task completion. All participants performed the three tasks in accordance with the Army’s MARCH-E algorithm, and all had similar completion times. With regard to the quality of task performance, the analyses revealed only one statistically significant main effect of manikin gender: the GRK manikin had a lower mean","PeriodicalId":102446,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors and Simulation","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127625154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Impact of Automated Document Classification Decisions on Human Decision-Making","authors":"Mallory C. Stites, Breannan C. Howell, Phillip Baxley","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1003946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003946","url":null,"abstract":"As machine learning (ML) algorithms are incorporated into more high-consequence domains, it is important to understand their impact on human decision-making. This need becomes particularly apparent when the goal is to augment performance rather than replace a human analyst. The derivative classification (DC) document review process is an area that is ripe for the application of such ML algorithms. In this process, derivative classifiers (DCs), who are technical experts in specialized topic areas, make decisions about a document’s classification level and category by comparing the document with a classification guide. As the volume of documents to be reviewed continues to increase, and text analytics and other types of models become more accessible, it may be possible to incorporate automated classification suggestions to increase DC efficiency and accuracy. However, care must be taken to ensure that tool-generated suggestions do not introduce errors into the process, which could lead to disastrous impacts for national security. In the current study, we assess the impact of model-generated classification decisions on DC accuracy, response time, and confidence while reviewing document snippets in a controlled environment and compare them to DC performance in the absence of the tool (baseline). Across two assessments, we found that correct tool suggestions improved human accuracy relative to baseline, and decreased response times relative to baseline in one of these assessments. Incorrect tool suggestions produced a higher human error rate but did not impact response times. Interestingly, incorrect tool suggestions also resulted in higher confidence ratings when DCs made errors that aligned with the incorrect suggestion relative to cases in which they correctly disregarded its suggestion. These results highlight that while ML tools can enhance performance when the output is accurate, they also have the potential for impairing analyst decision-making performance if inaccurate. This has the potential for negative impacts on national security. Findings have implications for the incorporation of ML or other automated suggestions not only in the derivative classification domain, but also in other high-consequence domains that incorporate automated tools into a human decision-making process. The effects of factors such as tool accuracy, transparency, and DC expertise should all be taken into account when designing such systems to ensure the automated suggestions improve performance without introducing additional errors. SNL is managed and operated by NTESS under DOE NNSA contract DE-NA0003525","PeriodicalId":102446,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors and Simulation","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133021725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novices as models of expert operators: Evidence from the NRC Human Performance Test Facility","authors":"Jinchao Lin, G. Matthews, Niav Hughes, Kelly Dickerson","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1001485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001485","url":null,"abstract":"Humans are integral to the safe operation of a nuclear power plant (NPP). Following the Three Mile Island accident in 1979, the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) began focusing on incorporating good human factors engineering design principles in regulation and emphasizing the importance of adequate training of plant operations staff. As part of this focus, NRC amended its regulations to require facility licensees to have simulation facilities for use in administering NRC operating tests and licensed operator requalification training (52 FR 9460). Since then, the simulator has become an important tool for operator training and license examinations. As technology develops, new designs and technology becomes available to the nuclear power community. The staff of NRC is responsible for reviewing and determining the acceptability of new designs to ensure they support safe plant operations. Since the human operator is vital to NPP safety, NRC must understand the potential impact of new designs on human performance to support sound regulatory decisions (Hughes, D’Agostino, & Reinerman-Jones, 2017). Despite the importance of human performance in plant safety, much of the basis for current NRC Human Factors Engineering guidance is from other domains (e.g., aviation, defense), qualitative data from operational experiences in NPPs, and limited empirical studies in a nuclear environment (Hughes & D’Agostino, 2016). To close this data gap, NRC launched the Human Performance Test Facility (HPFT) project to explore the impact of new designs, technologies, and concepts of operations on human performance using generic simulator platforms.One of the challenges for conducting human performance research in the nuclear domain is access to trained operators. Without sufficient sample size, it is difficult to perform analyses with adequate statistical power and draw substantial conclusions. To overcome the participant access challenge NRC partnered with the University of Central Florida (UCF) and use college students as a proxy for expert operators to study the impact of traditional and new Main Control Room (MCR) designs, technologies, and concepts of operations on performance of common NPP tasks and physiological and subjective workload. This approach follows the principle of “equal but different”. This means that students experienced simplified versions of complex tasks and the system user interface.This paper will review data collected from three experiments and summarize the evidence revealed by using novices as models of expert operators in the nuclear domain. Across the experiments novices and expert operators interact with touchscreen or desktop versions of an NPP MCR interface. Performance and workload were examined. Additionally, the studies sought to validate the methodology of the “equal but different” principle. Taken together the studies revealed that the “equal but different” method induced comparable cognitive demands in students and exp","PeriodicalId":102446,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors and Simulation","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126001535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring Trust in a Simulated Human Agent Team Task","authors":"C. Ficke, Arianna Addis, Daniela Nguyen, Kendall Carmody, Amanda L. Thayer, Jessica L. Wildman, M. Carroll","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1003560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003560","url":null,"abstract":"Due to improvements in agent capabilities through technological advancements, the prevalence of human-agent teams (HATs) are expanding into more dynamic and complex environments. Prior research suggests that human trust in agents plays a pivotal role in the team’s success and mission effectiveness (Yu et al., 2019; Kohn et al., 2020). Therefore, understanding and being able to accurately measure trust in HATs is critical. The literature presents numerous approaches to capture and measure trust in HATs, including behavioral indicators, self-report survey items, and physiological measures to capture and quantify trust. However, deciding when and which measures to use can be an overwhelming and tedious process. To combat this issue, we previously developed a theoretical framework to guide researchers in what measures to use and when to use them in a HAT context (Ficke et al., 2022). More specifically, we evaluated common measures of trust in HATs according to eight criteria and demonstrated the utility of different types of measures in various scenarios according to how dynamic trust was expected to be and how often teammates interacted with one another. In the current work, we operationalize this framework in a simulation-based research setting. In particular, we developed a simulated search and rescue task paradigm in which a human teammate interacts with two subteams of autonomous agents to identify and respond to targets such as enemies, IEDs and trapped civilians. Using the Ficke et al. (2022) framework as a guide, we identified self-report, behavioral, and physiological measures to capture human trust in their autonomous agent counterparts, at the individual, subteam, and full team levels. Measures included single-item and multi-item self report surveys, chosen due to their accessibility and prevalence across research domains, as well as their simplistic ability to assess multifaceted constructs. These self-report measures will also be used to assess convergent validity of newly developed unobtrusive (i.e., behavioral, physiological) measures of trust. Further, using the six-step Rational Approach to Developing Systems-based Measures (RADSM) process, we cross-referenced theory on trust with available data from the paradigm to develop context-appropriate behavioral measures of trust. The RADSM process differs from traditional data-led approaches in that it is simultaneously a top-down (data-driven) and bottom-up (theory-driven) approach (Orvis, et al., 2013). Through this process, we identified a range of measures such as usage behaviors (to use or misuse an entity), monitoring behaviors, response time, and other context-specific actions to capture trust. We also incorporated tools to capture physiological responses, including electrocardiogram readings and galvanic skin responses. These measures will be utilized in a series of simulation-based experiments examining the effect of trust violation and repair strategies on trust as well as to eval","PeriodicalId":102446,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors and Simulation","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126595576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Factors in Discovery Phase of TRLs and HRLs","authors":"Brett A. Jefferson, Jessica Baweja","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1003582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003582","url":null,"abstract":"With rapid growth in technology, there has been a corresponding growth in research focused on the ways that human-machine interactions can be improved. As part of that work, researchers have explored how human expertise can inform technology design and evaluation. For example, interaction with subject matter experts (SMEs) or end users can help to design and enhance a machine. The human factors of technology release can be divided into five steps: discovery, planning, development, evaluation, and deployment. This framework is a higher-level abstraction of the Human Readiness Levels for technology use and adoption (See et al. 2018). In this exposition, we discuss how human factors methodologies, principles, and practices can be realized in the first phase, Discovery, of the technology development process.","PeriodicalId":102446,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors and Simulation","volume":"147 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131408648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The History and Heritage of the Age of Simulation","authors":"B. Lintott","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1003581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003581","url":null,"abstract":"Simulation of modern technologies has an important and informative history and an inspirational heritage. Simulation was utilised early in the development of aviation. Aircraft are controlled through a coordinated series of inputs from the pilot, similar to riding a horse. The difference is that falling from a horse is not as hazardous as falling from the sky. In response to this steep learning curve, the Antoinette simulator of 1910, operated by humans responding to the trainee´s inputs, was developed. World War I´s Allied and Central Powers utilised simulation to enhance combat effectiveness. Major Lanoe Hawker VC, of the Royal Flying Corp, pioneered British military simulators with a ´Rocking Fuselage´ for firing at a moving target, with a later version in which the ´Rocking Fuselage´ was mounted on a track. Hawker´s distinguished and innovative career abruptly ended when he was shot down and killed by Manfred von Richthofen. The advent of fly-by instruments and navigation by radio-directional beacons provided an ideal opportunity for enhanced simulation. Overcoming initial reluctance, a common historical occurrence with innovative technologies, Edwin Link combined his expertise and experience from the family´s piano and organ company to produce the iconic Link Trainer. The ability to incorporate communication from a ´ground controller´ and record on a map the pilot´s course enhanced the allies´ training programmes. The advent of shipboard radar, during WWII, in the maritime realm enabled operation in low or non-existent light situations, such as fog. However, this new technology resulted in a new class of accidents – misinterpretation of screen information leading to collisions. From the 1950s onwards, simulation has been integral to the training of deck officers in radar technology. In the late-1950s. N.S. Savannah, the United States´ atomic-powered merchant ship, pioneered civilian maritime simulation of a nuclear reactor and propulsion system. During the 1960s, maritime simulation was increasingly utilised to understand operation and crew performance better. In 1976, the use of CGI at the Computer Aided Operations Research Facility (CAORF), US Merchant Marine Academy, demonstrated the value of simulation in deck officer training. Increasingly, computers: analogue, electro-mechanical and digital, drove simulation forward. Early advances enhanced the experience for the operator and monitoring by the supervisor. DARPA´s pioneering role in the integration of ´networking, instrumentation and command and control´ has been transformative. This led to ´… outcomes that were in no way predictable, through after-the-fact were understandable.´ (Thorpe 2010)The material culture of simulation is in the collections of many museums – especially the Link Trainer. Most museum-based simulators are no longer operational due to malfunctions, lack of knowledge and concern about damage by \"enthusiastic\" public members. However, in a twist, there is interest in s","PeriodicalId":102446,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors and Simulation","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125303627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The hybrid analysis as a disseminator in the field of motion economics studies through machine learning methods and rule-based knowledge","authors":"Steffen Jansing, Roman Moehle, B. Brockmann, J. Deuse","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1003573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003573","url":null,"abstract":"Manufacturing companies are increasingly confronted with the challenges of market globalisation, a shortening of product life cycles and a growing diversity of variants. New and flexible approaches to optimizing production processes and their planning ability are therefore needed to secure competitiveness in a sustainable way. Manual assembly in particular is a cost factor in the manufacturing industry and takes up a high proportion of the total production time. In addition to the efficient design of assembly processes, the ergonomic assessment and optimisation of work systems to avoid health hazards is also becoming increasingly important, also in consideration of demographic change. Currently, high personnel costs for the analysis of the workplace as well as special technical requirements for the employees in industrial engineering are identified as problematic. Especially for small and medium-sized companies with limited capacities in planning and existing competence levels of the employees, this aspect represents a hurdle that should not be underestimated. The following paper discusses the hypothesis that a combined approach of machine learning and rule-based knowledge as a hybrid analysis is suitable for transferring motion data captured by motion capturing into rule-conforming analyses in a semi-automated way. For this purpose, the new process building block system MTM-Human Work Design is used, which documents the required influencing factors chronologically and makes them variably evaluable in order to create time measurements and ergonomic execution analyses.","PeriodicalId":102446,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors and Simulation","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116608271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond the tool vs. teammate debate: Exploring the sidekick metaphor in human-AI dyads","authors":"S. Bruni, Mary D. Freiman, Kenyon Riddle","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1003558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003558","url":null,"abstract":"From symbiosis to copilot, a wide range of metaphors have been employed to characterize cooperative and collaborative relationships between human and non-human agents (be they software, robots, algorithms, or automated agents of any kind) in support of designing such advanced technologies. Recently, the emergence and rapid commoditization of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) algorithms have driven a highly bimodal debate on what metaphor is best to account for AI’s and ML’s new capabilities, particularly when those closely mimic humans’: Is AI a tool or a teammate for humans using the technology? This debate, however, occludes critical elements necessary to practitioners in the fields of human system design. To move past the “tool vs. teammate debate,” we propose an orthogonal metaphor, that of a sidekick, inspired by popular and literary culture, which can both accomplish and facilitate work (i.e., they do, and they help do). The sidekick metaphor was applied to a variety of efforts where it yielded novel design considerations which would have otherwise been unattainable by previous approaches. In this contribution, we report on the debate, describe the sidekick metaphor, and exemplify its application to real-world use cases, in domains such as intelligence analysis, aircraft maintenance, and missile defense.","PeriodicalId":102446,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors and Simulation","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128573018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}