Mobilizing for Development最新文献

Conclusion: The Rural Developmental State 结论:农村发展状况

Mobilizing for Development Pub Date : 2020-05-15 DOI: 10.7591/9781501748868-010

Kristen E. Looney

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Frontmatter

Mobilizing for Development Pub Date : 2020-05-15 DOI: 10.7591/9781501748868-fm

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Rural Development in South Korea, 1950s–1970s 20世纪50年代至70年代韩国农村发展

Mobilizing for Development Pub Date : 2020-05-15 DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501748844.003.0004

Kristen E. Looney

{"title":"Rural Development in South Korea, 1950s–1970s","authors":"Kristen E. Looney","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501748844.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501748844.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explains South Korea's mixed record of rural development. It begins with an overview of rural change in the postwar period and shows that agriculture did not contribute much to the overall economy or to rural household incomes because of an adverse policy environment. The situation improved in the 1970s, with noticeable gains in production, incomes, and infrastructure, although progress was uneven in each of these areas. The chapter then discusses rural institutions and the shift away from urban bias. It argues that agriculture underperformed because land reform was insufficient for long-term growth and because South Korea's rural institutions were relatively weak. The Ministry of Agriculture was low in the bureaucratic hierarchy, and its extension agencies never developed deep roots in society. The National Agricultural Cooperative Federation (NACF) in particular was qualitatively different from its counterpart in Taiwan; it was an appendage of the state that exhibited linkage but not autonomy. Rural policy was implemented in a more rigid, top-down manner, with less participation from small farmers and fewer people advocating on their behalf. The South Korean case illustrates both the strengths and weaknesses of a campaign approach to development. The New Village Movement essentially reset the priorities of every branch of government, temporarily overriding other work.","PeriodicalId":102403,"journal":{"name":"Mobilizing for Development","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130746964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Rural Development in China, 1980s–2000s 中国农村发展:1980年代至2000年代

Mobilizing for Development Pub Date : 2020-05-15 DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501748844.003.0005

Kristen E. Looney

{"title":"Rural Development in China, 1980s–2000s","authors":"Kristen E. Looney","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501748844.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501748844.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter analyzes Chinese rural development in the reform era. Before the 2000s, China's reform-era agricultural policy could be summed up as decollectivization followed by resource extraction and neglect. Between 1978 and 1984, the replacement of the people's commune system with household contract farming resulted in historic poverty reduction. After 1984, however, central government investment and growth rates in agriculture started to decline. As was the case during the Maoist period, local governments were expected to be self-reliant and raise their own funds for development. Under pressure to impress higher-level officials with economic achievements, many local governments resorted to imposing heavy taxes on farmers. These went toward developing industry instead of providing public goods. In 2004, China had entered a new era in which “industry should nurture agriculture, and the cities should support the countryside.” Two policies in particular came to embody this principle. First, after a period of experimentation with rural tax reform, the central government decided in 2006 to completely eliminate agricultural taxes. Second, a policy called Building a New Socialist Countryside was introduced as the top domestic priority of the eleventh five-year plan (2006–2010).","PeriodicalId":102403,"journal":{"name":"Mobilizing for Development","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129103785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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3. Rural Development in South Korea, 1950s–1970s 3.20世纪50年代至70年代韩国农村发展

Mobilizing for Development Pub Date : 2020-05-15 DOI: 10.7591/9781501748868-008

Kristen E. Looney

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Abbreviations 缩写

Mobilizing for Development Pub Date : 2020-05-15 DOI: 10.7591/9781501748868-003

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4. Rural Development in China, 1980s–2000s 4. 中国农村发展:1980年代至2000年代

Mobilizing for Development Pub Date : 2020-05-15 DOI: 10.7591/9781501748868-009

Kristen E. Looney

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1. The Role of Rural Institutions and State Campaigns in Development 1. 农村机构和国家运动在发展中的作用

Mobilizing for Development Pub Date : 2020-05-15 DOI: 10.7591/9781501748868-006

Kristen E. Looney

{"title":"1. The Role of Rural Institutions and State Campaigns in Development","authors":"Kristen E. Looney","doi":"10.7591/9781501748868-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501748868-006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the role of rural institutions and state campaigns in development. Most accounts of rural development in East Asia privilege the role of land reform and the emergence of developmental states. However, this narrative is incomplete. A thorough examination of rural sector change in the region reveals the transformative effects of rural modernization campaigns, which can be defined as policies demanding high levels of bureaucratic and popular mobilization to overhaul traditional ways of life in the countryside. East Asian governments' use of campaigns runs counter to standard portrayals of the developmental state as wholly technocratic and demonstrates that rural development was not the inevitable result of industrialization. Rather, it was an intentional policy goal accomplished with techniques that aligned more with Maoism or Leninism than with market principles or careful economic management. The chapter begins by assessing common explanations for East Asian rural development in the post-World War II period. It then turns to the case of China and explores some of the reasons for rural policy failures in the Mao era (1949–1976) and successes in the reform era (1978–present). Finally, the chapter revisits the case of Japan and concludes with a few points about why existing theories of state-led development need to be reexamined.","PeriodicalId":102403,"journal":{"name":"Mobilizing for Development","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131165807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Rural Development in Taiwan, 1950s–1970s 台湾农村发展:1950 - 1970年代

Mobilizing for Development Pub Date : 2020-05-15 DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501748844.003.0003

Kristen E. Looney

{"title":"Rural Development in Taiwan, 1950s–1970s","authors":"Kristen E. Looney","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501748844.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501748844.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines Taiwan's impressive record of rural development. In Taiwan, the defeated Kuomintang regime (KMT or Chinese Nationalist Party) sought to regain control of mainland China by transforming the island into a model province that would legitimize its right to rule. The KMT carried out a comprehensive land reform program in the early 1950s, which led to the creation of a smallholder farm economy with extremely low levels of inequality. In addition to land reform, the KMT built up a rural extension system to provide technical education and production inputs to farmers. These institutions resulted in nearly two decades of accelerated growth. According to Taiwan's former president Lee Teng-hui, agriculture played a textbook role in Taiwan's development. It met the domestic demand for food, accounted for a substantial share of exports, and provided capital and labor for industrialization. As one of the first countries in the post-World War II period to achieve industrialized nation status, Taiwan stands out as an exemplary case of successful development. The chapter then sheds light on what happened after the government's urban-biased policies were reversed in the 1970s.","PeriodicalId":102403,"journal":{"name":"Mobilizing for Development","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133725820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Works Cited 作品的引用

Mobilizing for Development Pub Date : 2020-05-15 DOI: 10.7591/9781501748868-013

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