1. 农村机构和国家运动在发展中的作用

Kristen E. Looney
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引用次数: 0

摘要

本章讨论农村机构和国家运动在发展中的作用。大多数关于东亚农村发展的报道都强调了土地改革和发展中国家的出现所起的作用。然而,这种叙述是不完整的。对该地区农村部门变化的全面考察揭示了农村现代化运动的变革性影响,可以将其定义为需要高水平的官僚和民众动员来彻底改革农村传统生活方式的政策。东亚各国政府对运动的使用与发展中国家完全是技术官僚的标准描述背道而驰,并表明农村发展并非工业化的必然结果。更确切地说,这是一个有意为之的政策目标,其实现手段更接近于毛主义或列宁主义,而不是市场原则或谨慎的经济管理。本章首先评估了对二战后东亚农村发展的常见解释。然后转向中国的案例,探讨了毛时代(1949-1976)农村政策失败和改革时代(1978年至今)农村政策成功的一些原因。最后,本章回顾了日本的案例,并总结了一些关于为什么需要重新审视现有的国家主导发展理论的观点。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
1. The Role of Rural Institutions and State Campaigns in Development
This chapter discusses the role of rural institutions and state campaigns in development. Most accounts of rural development in East Asia privilege the role of land reform and the emergence of developmental states. However, this narrative is incomplete. A thorough examination of rural sector change in the region reveals the transformative effects of rural modernization campaigns, which can be defined as policies demanding high levels of bureaucratic and popular mobilization to overhaul traditional ways of life in the countryside. East Asian governments' use of campaigns runs counter to standard portrayals of the developmental state as wholly technocratic and demonstrates that rural development was not the inevitable result of industrialization. Rather, it was an intentional policy goal accomplished with techniques that aligned more with Maoism or Leninism than with market principles or careful economic management. The chapter begins by assessing common explanations for East Asian rural development in the post-World War II period. It then turns to the case of China and explores some of the reasons for rural policy failures in the Mao era (1949–1976) and successes in the reform era (1978–present). Finally, the chapter revisits the case of Japan and concludes with a few points about why existing theories of state-led development need to be reexamined.
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