Civil and environmental research最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of the Quality of Open Public Space in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","authors":"Gebrechristos Nuriye","doi":"10.7176/cer/12-10-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cer/12-10-01","url":null,"abstract":"Urbanization history tells us that the public open space first was observed in Greek where Agora served as central market for the community to assemble, debate, and converse diverse opinions (Madanipour, 2003:194), (Larbi Touaf and Soumia Boutkhil(ed)., 2008). Thus, public spaces are part of urban structure, where space and societies are in the dynamic harmony of historical changes. This research is conducted in selected sub-cities of Addis Ababa. The results have illuminated importance of open public spaces in one hand and disclosed how existing open public spaces are deteriorating. The problem is a manifestation of unplanned development of the city whereby the city has experienced haphazard and organic development. The evaluation of the quality of public open spaces in study area is done in view of internationally recognized standards. Concurrent mixed research method is followed employing qualitative and quantitative research approaches. Sample size was scientifically determined. Data analysis was done using different statistical tools. Study results have shown that significant number of open spaces exist in the city with significant size though their performance is reported unacceptably poor. Certain open spaces were found to be in excellent conditions but inaccessible. Conversely certain public open spaces are found in poor condition but they are openly accessible for public use. Conclusions are drawn from study results and recommendations are specified accordingly. Keywords: Open Public Spaces, Quality, Accessibility DOI: 10.7176/CER/12-10-01 Publication date: October 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":10219,"journal":{"name":"Civil and environmental research","volume":"147 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83102701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Irrigation Scheduling Strategies on Partial Nutrient Balance for Tomato Production at Bechet Watershed, Abbay Basin, Ethiopia","authors":"N. Assefa","doi":"10.7176/cer/12-10-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cer/12-10-04","url":null,"abstract":"Reasonable and efficient utilization of the water and soil resources are viable so as to maximize the production and productivity of the farm land. Unwise utilization of those two most critical resources results on the decline of production and productivity. Managing irrigation water delivered to the irrigation field could able to increase the yield by controlling the nutrient flow system in the soil media. The objective of this study is to evaluate the different water management methods on yield maximization by providing a great attention to the partial nutrient balance system. The study have a brief on the quantification of irrigation water required to a given plot by following technical approach of continues soil moisture measurement using sensor device Time Domain reflect meter (TDR) and through the use of 10 years back climatic historical data from Bahir Dar weather station data. The usual farmers practice have become evaluated and compared with the technical management methods in terms of water demand at each plot and partial nutrient balance pattern. To achieve the comparison, the experimental plots were prepared and grouped in to the three categories. The comparison result shows that usual farmers practice have used more water for some plots and less water for some plots not matching exactly on the requirement level of the crop; less crop yield and more positive partial N balance and negative P and K balance other than the technical management methods. The average partial Nitrogen (N)depletion balance for TDR, CWR,FARM were,-90.6 kg/ha, -151.3 kg/ha and 18.8 kg/ha ; Phosphorus (P) depletion balance were -0.6 kg/ha, -0.5 kg/ha, and – 0.2 kg/ha and potassium(K) depletion balance were; -284 kg/ha ,-270 kg/ha and -97.2 kg/ha respectively. The Average crop yield was 33.2 Mg ha-1; 31.67 Mg ha-1; 20.8 Mg ha-1 for CWR; TDR; and FARM water management groups respectively. The respective average water consumption of CWR, TDR and FARM were 590 mm, 476 mm and 575 mm respectively. Keywords: TDR, WFD, CWR, FARM, Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium. DOI: 10.7176/CER/12-10-04 Publication date: October 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":10219,"journal":{"name":"Civil and environmental research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83152824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of Owan Catchment Run-of-River Hydropower Potential Sites in Benin Owena River Basin Nigeria Using GIS And RS Procedures","authors":"O. Fasipe, O. Izinyon, C. Emeribe, I. Ilaboya, Victor Eniola, E. Isagba, N. Uwadia","doi":"10.7176/cer/12-10-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cer/12-10-05","url":null,"abstract":"Hydropower is recognized internationally as a source of clean, affordable, and reliable energy that has contributed in a significant way to the global energy supply mix but unfortunately, this is not the case in Nigeria considering hydropower potential of 15 GW where only approximately 2 GW (13%) has been harnessed. Nigeria Small Hydropower (SHP) level is low, as less than 0.1 GW out of 3.5 GW SHP potential is available in a country of over 200 million people with potentials of 333BCM of surface water annually which can be used to increase energy access especially in the rural area where the percentage in 2018 is 34. In this study, Natural Resources Conservation Service - Curve Number (NRCS-CN) method which calculates surface runoff volume for a particular rainfall event in a watershed was applied in conjunction with Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS). Land Use Land Cover (LULC) classes of Owan Sub-basin were delineated from Landsat 8 satellite Image using Image Classification procedure and integrated with the hydrologic soil group (HSG) of the sub-basin in a GIS environment to obtain runoff Curve Numbers (CNs) for this study. The estimated CNs and rainfall data of Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks - Climate Data Record (PERSIANN – CDR) of the study area for the year 2018 were used to calculate the peak discharges over 125 mapped out points at 2km interval in Owan river. The gauging station data correlates NRCS-CN with a coefficient of 68 % while the Nigerian Meteorological Services Agency (NIMET) data compared with PERSIANN-CDR yielded a 70 % correlation. Using the basin hydrometric indicators of 2% minimum slope and 10m available head which must exist between two points before a site can be considered for ROR hydropower, 20 points were identified in Owan with power range from 423.015kW to 5,456.646kW at 92% available flow exceedance annually. This study revealed that NRCS-CN method combined with RS and GIS can simulate discharge successfully using watershed hydrometry in the absence of weak hydrological data.  Also, owing to a significant degree of agreement between the observed and calculated runoff, the method, and models employed for this study are recommended for field applications in Benin-Owena River Basin, Nigeria at large, and other regions with data scarcity challenges hydrologically. Keywords : run-of-river, hydropower potential, Remote Sensing, Geographic Information System, NRCS-CN model. DOI: 10.7176/CER/12-10-05 Publication date: October 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":10219,"journal":{"name":"Civil and environmental research","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74142282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling Delay of Road Construction Projects in 'No Funding-Stress' Scenario using Ordinal Logistic Regression Approach","authors":"S. F. Ekanem, G. O. Jagboro, A. Opawole, T. Adewuyi","doi":"10.7176/cer/12-9-07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cer/12-9-07","url":null,"abstract":"The study examined critical delay causative factors impacting the delivery of road projects in 'no funding stress' scenario and modelled the variables as a procedural step towards capturing and managing their occurrence in such a scenario. The study adopted a quantitative descriptive approach, which was based on a questionnaire survey. A total of thirty-six organisations that were involved in the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) road projects in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria constituted the study population. These were distributed as; 8 client organisations, 13 consulting organisations, and 15 contracting organisations. A total enumeration of the 36 organizations enabled 153 professionals distributed as; 33 quantity surveyors and 120 civil/structural engineers to be sampled. Inferential statistics, rating weighted agreement (RWA), and impact weighting (IW) were employed to isolate the critical factors. Ordinal logistic regression (OLR) was used to model the delay, which was validated using a split-quarter cross-validation method. Twenty-nine critical causative factors were derived with the top three as; mobilization delay, interference by political leader, and high rate of inflation. Ordinary Logistic Regression enabled 11 variables, which had Wald's statistic significant at a p-value ≤ 0.25 to be selected among the 29 critical causative factors for developing a model that predicts project delay quantum in 'no funding stress' scenario. The study provided implications both for project management and government policy development. In the first place, empirical evidence provided is suitable for managing road project delivery in a 'no funding stress' scenario through the development of metrics for improvement of time performance. Most importantly, the study modelled the time variables in this scenario to assist in predicting project delay quantum from inception. The findings also provide implications for government policy response, which would guide the delivery of regional intervention projects. Empirical evidence is provided on road project delivery with special funding intervention that results in a 'no funding stress' scenario. Modelling delay occurrence in such a scenario extends the quantitative approach to the body of knowledge on time performance management in road project delivery. Keywords: Critical impact factors, delay, Niger Delta Region, ordinal logistic regression, Pareto principle, road construction projects. DOI: 10.7176/CER/12-9-07 Publication date:September 30th 2020","PeriodicalId":10219,"journal":{"name":"Civil and environmental research","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89178462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adversities Livelihood and Copping Strategies of Slum Area Residents in Gondar City: North West Ethiopia","authors":"Alemayehu Mulat Liyew","doi":"10.7176/cer/12-9-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cer/12-9-02","url":null,"abstract":"Slum development has been negative result of urbanization in developing country like Ethiopia. One of the metropolitan cities in Ethiopia, Gondar faced this problem. Hence, this study aimed at investigating the physical environment, means of livelihood, health situation and social network of residents in Gojjo sefer slum area in Gondar city. Qualitative research design, phenomenological approach was employed to understand the real life experience of slum dweller in the study area. 35 participants were sampled purposively among 83 total habitants. Accordingly, data was collected by in-depth interview, key informant interview and field observation. The findings show that, congested and poorly constructed housing, inadequate infrastructure and social service provision characterize the area. Most of the dwellers are immigrants from rural area engaged in petty economic activities as a means of livelihood. The dwellers have being suffered from varieties of problems such as low income, lack of health care services and are exposed to frequent disease such as diarrhea, fever and chronic illnesses. Keywords: slum, livelihood, adversities, dwellers DOI: 10.7176/CER/12-9-02 Publication date: September 30 th 2020","PeriodicalId":10219,"journal":{"name":"Civil and environmental research","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74903151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of the Problem of Rising Groundwater levels in Aswan City Area","authors":"A. Manal, R. Eman","doi":"10.7176/cer/12-9-06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cer/12-9-06","url":null,"abstract":"Aswan city, southern part of Egypt, is currently suffering from rising groundwater levels since 2009 due to partial discontinued pumping in some main well fields and growing urbanization in high relief areas; causing severe environmental problems hindering development activities. The present study aims to examine the changes in groundwater levels in the city using recorded data from 2012 to 2017. Numerical groundwater flow modeling is used to simulate the hydrogeological conditions of the region. Hence, the calibrated model is run to examine the solution of lowering groundwater. Inversing the groundwater rising process in the model is achieved by applying imposed abstraction rates, from eight well fields, equal to that before the rising levels problem. The adopted solution succeeded to nullify the rise in groundwater levels. However, further studies are recommended to evade negative geotechnical impacts so that the final design of an engineered solution can be set and physically implemented . Keywords: Groundwater management, Groundwater modeling, Groundwater de-watering, Nile Valley. DOI : 10.7176/CER/12-9-06 Publication date :September 30th 2020","PeriodicalId":10219,"journal":{"name":"Civil and environmental research","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84789614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Stormwater Drainage System for Small Urban Watershed: Case of Shambu Town, Oromia Region, Ethiopia","authors":"Habtamu Dagne, Meseret Wagari Bortola","doi":"10.7176/cer/12-9-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cer/12-9-01","url":null,"abstract":"Stormwater runoff in a small urban watershed is one of the major challenging issues facing many countries where financial capacity is very weak to provide sufficient drainage systems. This study aims to assess the stormwater drainage system in the small urban watershed as a case study of Shambu town, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. The main objective of this study was to assess whether this excess stormwater runoff is due to hydrological change or insufficient hydraulic design of the existing drainage system in the town. The existing drainage system in this small urban watershed was analyzed by statistical analysis and the main purpose of this was to know whether the designed drainage systems were sufficient hydraulically. The existing drainage system in this small urban watershed was analyzed by statistical analysis and the main purpose of this was to know whether the designed drainage systems were sufficient hydraulically. The existing design document was taken in this analysis and field analysis also made to check whether the drainage was constructed according to the specification. The area also analyzed hydrologically by delineating the watershed using ArcSWAT and the peak discharge was computed the outlet of the watershed using Rational method. Some data such runoff coefficient and manning’s values were also generated from the watershed based on the reality on the ground. The two results from hydrological and hydraulic models were compared and that of peak discharge obtained from rational method became greater than of the Peak discharge obtained from existing drainage measurement. Therefore, in this study it was concluded that since the watershed is steep in slope, it is contributing additional runoff to this small urban watershed, additional new 50% of the existing drainage system and rehabilitation works should be implemented to modify the draining capacity of the existing scheme. Additionally, managing and improper construction alignment problem in the existing system were identified, so to control this challenge periodic cleaning and modification of slope is recommended.","PeriodicalId":10219,"journal":{"name":"Civil and environmental research","volume":"27 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83715153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Earth Observation System-Based Impact Assessment of 2012 Flood in Delta State Nigeria","authors":"E. AhuchaoguUdo., O. C. Ojinnaka, E. NjokuR., Baywood C.N","doi":"10.7176/cer/12-9-08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cer/12-9-08","url":null,"abstract":"Flooding is one of the most serious natural hazards in the world. It has become a common natural disaster which has claimed many lives, displaced millions and resulted to the destruction of properties and degradation of contiguous farmland.  Though over the decades the people of Delta state have had to contend with sporadic overflows from the river but not in the scale of 2012 flood event. Flood in 2012, submerged coastal villages, displaced millions of people, submerged several square kilometers of land,  disrupt economic activities and properties worth of millions of naira was lost. This study was provoked based on the fact that since the disaster, no reliable investigation and inventory has been made as a guide for mitigation for future occurrence. Currently Earth observing system (EOS) is gaining popularity in solving many environmental problems due to its accurate and timely delivery of information required for decision making. Therefore the aim of this study was to determine the impact of 2012 flood in delta state.  Pre-flood and flood imageries captured by and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometre (MODIS), Land sat imagery with resolution 30m, SRTM with resolution 30 arc second, questionnaire, interview, Global positioning system (GPS)  and geographic information system (GIS) was used for data collection and analysis. The map generated from the non-flood image captured on 20th October 2010 was used as a reference to determine the extent of flooding from the disaster image. Spatial impact was determined based on the extent of the submerged land territory while physical economic impact was measured based on property damages. This study revealed that a total landed area of 2185Sq.kms was covered by flood excluding the original extent of the river. Further assessment  revealed that 785000 people were affected, crops worth’s 3.1 billion naira were destroyed, 231 communities in 12 local government of the 25 local government areas were adversely affected these include 118 communities market, 743 market stalls, 220 primary schools, 84 secondary schools, 435 fish farms, 526 poultry farms, 58 piggeries and 5099 houses. Keywords: key words, MODIS, SRTM, Flood,  Hazard, Imagery DOI : 10.7176/CER/12-9-08 Publication date :September 30th 2020","PeriodicalId":10219,"journal":{"name":"Civil and environmental research","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90600985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relevance of Francolin Vocalization in Local Time Indication in Mamfe Municipality, Southwest Region, Cameroon","authors":"M. E. Maurice","doi":"10.7176/cer/12-9-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cer/12-9-03","url":null,"abstract":"Avian vocalizations can have intra-specific and inter-specific functions such as communication alarm, resource location, pair-bond maintenance, territory defense, and mate attraction. Majority of studies have focused on the diurnal vocalization of birds. Very little research has been done on nocturnal vocalization behavior of birds such as francolins in Cameroon. For this reason, this study was aimed at assessing the importance of francolin vocalization in local time indication to the inhabitants of Mamfe municipality. The data collection method of this study comprised of random spot sampling of the francolin number, recording vocalizations in the dawn and dusk, and visiting the francolin nesting sites. Surveys were conducted 5 days per week, from Monday to Friday for a period of one month. In the dawn, call recording started 7:00am and ended 5:00pm, while in the dusk it started 7:00 pm and ended 6:00am. This study revealed a significant association between francolin number and the day-period, χ 2 = 19.219 df=6 P=0.004. Vocalization time and frequency showed a significant link, χ 2 = 6.834 df=8 P<0.05. Similar results were obtained from the association of bird number and vocalization frequency, χ 2 = 21.294 df=4 P=0.000. The bird number was proportionate to call frequency and intensity, 5 birds and above generated a call frequency of 64.79%. The day-period and bird number associated significantly, χ 2 = 51.278 df=44 P<0.05. Additionally, cropland vegetation showed a significant correlation on bird number, r = 0.244 P<0.05. Furthermore, the bird group-size witnessed an influence on the call location, with more calls from cropland (70.42%) than the forest vegetation (29.58%). The consistent vocalization frequency during the early hours of the morning period is useful to the local inhabitants of the municipality. Almost all the local crop-farmers interviewed acknowledged that the francolin vocalization were time-specific, hence, reminding them upon the preparation of early morning farming engagements. Moreover, it is believed in most part of Cameroon, especially in remote communities that the francolin vocalizations help to wake up local farmers from sleep during the early of the day. However, the declining population of this bird species raises many questions on its conservation. Keywords : Francolin vocalization, Communication alarm, Bird number, Cropland vegetation DOI: 10.7176/CER/12-9-03 Publication date: September 30 th 2020","PeriodicalId":10219,"journal":{"name":"Civil and environmental research","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84886650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Strategic Decision Framework for a Sustainable Wastewater Treatment and Management in the Oil Producing Region","authors":"Idris Hashim, Mansur Hamma-adama, S. Surendran","doi":"10.7176/cer/12-8-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/cer/12-8-04","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed to investigate how managing the growing water demand and wastewater production by treating and reclaiming Water from the Wastewater in Delta State. Mainly to carry out a comparative feasibility study and develop a decision support system (DSS) or strategy/planning framework for a sustainable alternative for water/wastewater treatment and management in oil & gas industries, Water, wastewater industries and authorities in Delta State. Data was collected using a mixed approach. Primary data was collected using semi-structured interviews and closed-ended questionnaire survey. Descriptive analysis was applied in analysing the questionnaires, and thematic analysis was used in analysing the interviews. It was concluded that a centralised system is required to collect rainwater and wastewater, and recycle Water in Delta state for reuse, and reduce dependence on freshwater. It will be an improvement to the direct collection of wastewater from individual houses by private waste management organisations that drain the sewage systems.  It was found that causes of water and wastewater problems in Delta State, Nigeria include: government regulation; financial problem; lack of sufficient land for development; pollution; high population; using potable Water for non-potable use; water shortage; poor technology; lack of people’s awareness on water, and poor maintenance. Based on this, grey water reuse, decentralised system of water reclamation and education and awareness of wastewater management were recommended to solve the water and wastewater problems found in the state. Microscale solutions such as ponds, permeable pavements, rain gardens, rainwater harvesting systems, wetlands, and green roofs were recommended. In addition to the recommendations, a strategic framework/decision support system for sustainable alternatives for oil, gas, water and wastewater industries and authorities was developed. Keywords: Framework, Graywater, Management, Pollution, Water, Wastewater DOI: 10.7176/CER/12-8-04 Publication date: August 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":10219,"journal":{"name":"Civil and environmental research","volume":"35 1","pages":"35-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82520118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}