Journal of cannabis research最新文献

{"title":"Sex differences in the disposition of cannabidiol and its metabolites in mice.","authors":"Margaret E Olawale, Mrunmayi D Lad, Mmesoma C Anyachebelu, Shaman Luo, Philip Lazarus","doi":"10.1186/s42238-026-00427-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42238-026-00427-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>While cannabidiol (CBD) is widely used globally as a therapeutic agent, sex as a biological variable remains underexplored in determining its metabolism and overall pharmacokinetic patterns. The present study systematically evaluated sex differences in the pharmacokinetics of CBD and its major metabolites, 7-hydroxy-CBD (7-OH-CBD) and 7-carboxy-CBD (7-COOH-CBD), in a mouse model.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Male and female C57BL/6J mice received an intraperitoneal dose of CBD (120 mg/kg) and plasma concentrations of CBD and its metabolites were quantified by UPLC-MS/MS. Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived using non-compartmental analysis and compared between sexes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Females exhibited significantly higher early exposure to CBD, with a ~ 1.5-fold higher [Formula: see text]than male mice (p = 0.03). The apparent clearance (CL/F) and ultimate total systemic exposure[Formula: see text] were comparable between sexes. In contrast, male mice demonstrated a markedly larger apparent volume of distribution (Vz/F; ~2.2-fold increase, p = 0.02) and consequently a longer terminal half-life (t_1/2; ~2.2-fold increase, p = 0.04), indicating greater tissue sequestration. Both metabolites were significantly higher in female vs. male mice (7-OH-CBD [Formula: see text]~1.6-fold, p = 0.03; 7-COOH-CBD [Formula: see text] ~1.7-fold, p = 0.03). The [Formula: see text] tended to be higher for 7-OH-CBD in female mice but was not significant (~ 1.4-fold, p = 0.11), whereas the 7-COOH-CBD [Formula: see text] was significantly greater in females (~ 1.8-fold, p = 0.04). Male mice displayed substantially longer terminal half-lives for both metabolites (7-OH-CBD ~2.4-fold, p = 0.0051; 7-COOH-CBD ~3.7-fold, p = 0.02).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results demonstrate that sex is a critical determinant of CBD pharmacokinetics and highlight the need for sex-informed dosing considerations in both preclinical study design and potentially for future clinical applications of CBD.</p>","PeriodicalId":101310,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cannabis research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13169814/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147611203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy and safety of cannabidiol (CBD) on reducing pain and functional impairment associated with exercise-induced muscle injury: a randomized placebo-controlled feasibility trial.","authors":"J W Stauffer, J A Crow, M D Bishop, R L Cook, P A Borsa","doi":"10.1186/s42238-026-00431-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42238-026-00431-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Exercise and sports-related musculoskeletal injuries often result in pain, and the recovery process can be prolonged and challenging. Many physically-active Americans have begun using cannabidiol (CBD) for pain relief and improved recovery time, and CBD is of particular interest due to its positive safety profile, non-intoxicating effects, and therapeutic potential. Our objectives were threefold. First, to confirm the safety and tolerability of ingesting a CBD-rich hemp-extract. Second, we examined the feasibility and acceptability of our recruitment and blinding methods, and the tests and measures used to determine preliminary efficacy. Last, we planned to examine within-group effect sizes and observed power to make preliminary determinations of efficacy. METHODS: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, two-arm parallel study design was used with participants randomly allocated to either a CBD or a placebo control group. Participants completed a 15-day study trial which included baseline testing, intervention (CBD/placebo dosing), and follow-up assessments on days 11 through day 15 (24 to 96-hrs post-injury). Outcomes included pain intensity, strength loss, and physical disability. Participants self-administered the investigational product (CBD or placebo) under the tongue twice daily for 15 days. Daily dosage of CBD was 67 mg. An experimental injury protocol for the quadriceps muscle group on day 10 induced pain and functional disability in otherwise healthy men (n = 9) and women (n = 20) [age: 20.1 yrs, weight: 64.2 ± 8.5 kg, height: 169 ± 5.3 cm]. RESULTS: There were no reports from participants of side effects or treatment-emergent adverse reactions from consuming the investigational products. Symptoms and functional deficits were most pronounced 24 to 48 h. post-injury and were least pronounced by 96-hrs post-injury. CBD users reported less peak pain at rest and with movement at 48-hrs post-injury. The CBD group showed less strength impairment and physical disability than placebo at 48-hrs post-injury. CONCLUSIONS: Sublingually administered CBD demonstrated a favorable safety profile and showed promise in reducing pain-related symptoms associated with exercise-induced muscle injury. Clinical studies using larger sample sizes are needed to confirm the reported estimates of efficacy in reducing pain and improving function post-injury. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: NCT04586712, registered on October 14, 2020. </p>","PeriodicalId":101310,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cannabis research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13159225/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147597467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topical application of cannabidiol for muscle recovery after exercise-induced muscle damage: a randomized, double-blinded pilot study.","authors":"Antoine Mendes, Gregory Cuvelier, Agathe Anthierens, Appoline Locquenies, Nathan Gauchet, Patrice Maboudou, Elsa Heyman, Serge Berthoin, François-Xavier Gamelin","doi":"10.1186/s42238-026-00420-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42238-026-00420-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>INTRODUCTION: This study investigated the effects of a topical cannabidiol (CBD) gel compared to placebo on muscle function recovery, perceived muscle soreness, and blood marker of muscle damage following strenuous exercise designed to induce muscle damage. METHODS: Fifteen physically active students (age: 21.4 ± 2.1 years; mass: 78.0 ± 9.5 kg; height: 181.7 ± 5.0 cm) participated in the study. To induce muscle damage, participants completed 10 sets of 10 drop jumps from a 0.6 m box, with 2 min of rest between sets. In a randomized crossover design, 2 g of either CBD gel or placebo gel were applied to the quadriceps and hamstrings immediately after exercise and over the following 72 h. Muscle function recovery was assessed by measuring isometric and concentric isokinetic peak torque of the knee extensors, plasma myoglobin (Myo) concentration, and Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS), evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS) at baseline, immediately post-exercise, and at 24-, 48-, and 72-h intervals. RESULTS: The two-way ANOVA revealed no significant interaction between time and condition for concentric isokinetic peak torque (p > 0.05). No significant differences were observed between the CBD and placebo conditions for plasma Myo concentrations or DOMS scores. A significant interaction was observed for isometric torque (p = 0.02), with moderate effect sizes favoring CBD over placebo from 24 to 72 h post-exercise (ES = 0.85–1.0). CONCLUSION: The topical application of CBD gel does not appear to accelerate the recovery of muscle function or to reduce DOMS following muscle-damaging exercise. ETHICAL APPROVAL NUMBER: B200-2020–120. </p>","PeriodicalId":101310,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cannabis research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13137573/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147518019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics of oral Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) administration in vervet monkeys.","authors":"Frédéric Huppé-Gourgues, Natalie Spridzans, Simon G Lamarre, Amy Beierschmitt, Roberta M Palmour, Jean-François Bouchard, Maurice Ptito","doi":"10.1186/s42238-026-00422-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42238-026-00422-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cannabis and its primary psychoactive component, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), are increasingly studied for their pharmacological effects, yet little is known about their pharmacokinetics in non-human primates. This study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile of THC and its metabolites following oral administration in vervet monkeys under both acute and short chronic exposure conditions. Using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), we quantified delta 9-THC, 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC), and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THC-COOH) in blood samples. THC concentrations increased after dosing, with peak values observed around 4 h post-ingestion. On day 1 and day 8, the 4-hour increase was observed across dose groups. The baseline (0 h) THC on Day 8 was increased when compared to Day 1. 11-OH-THC showed a similar peak around 4 h time course. CBD was increased only at day 1 for the highest dose and THC-COOH was not significantly increased. These findings provide a pharmacokinetic foundation for future research on THC’s therapeutic and behavioral effects in vervet monkeys and help inform dosing strategies for translational studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":101310,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cannabis research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13130606/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147517990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel enema formulation containing cannabidiol and sodium propionate for ulcerative colitis: preclinical assessment in a murine model.","authors":"Timna Naftali, Sari Prutchi Sagiv","doi":"10.1186/s42238-026-00400-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42238-026-00400-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by mucosal inflammation, epithelial barrier disruption, and immune dysregulation. Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid, and sodium propionate (Na-P), a short-chain fatty acid, posses complementary anti-inflammatory and epithelial-protective properties. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a novel rectal enema formulation combining CBD and Na-P in a murine model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. METHODS: Experimental colitis was induced in C57BL/6 mice via 2.5% DSS administration for five days. Mice received one of 4 daily rectal treatments from day 4 to day 11: saline, hyaluronic acid (HA, vehicle), HA + CBD, HA + Na-P, or HA + CBD+Na-P. Clinical disease activity was monitored through the Disease Activity Index (DAI), body weight, colon length, and histopathological evaluation. RESULTS: Colon length analysis demonstrated a 34.7% increase in length in the combination group versus saline control, significantly exceeding improvements observed with CBD or Na-P alone (p < 0.001). The combination treatment of CBD and Na-P led to a significant and sustained reduction in DAI scores compared to controls and monotherapies. Notably, the combination group exhibited a steeper improvement in DAI from day 6 onwards and showed superior outcomes on day 11 (p < 0.004 vs. HA). Body weight loss was markedly attenuated in the combination group, with statistical significance observed from day 6 (p < 0.05), while single-agent treatments exhibited only partial benefit. Histopathological scores were reduced in the combination group, accompanied by decreased neutrophilic infiltration and attenuation of mucosal damage, though statistical significance was not reached compared to monotherapies. Importantly, no hemorrhages or fibrin deposits were observed in any group, supporting the safety profile of the combination treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This preclinical study demonstrates that rectal administration of a CBD and Na-P enema exerts potential synergistic therapeutic effects in experimental UC, effectively reducing disease severity, preserving colon morphology, and mitigating histopathological damage. These findings support further clinical investigation of this novel dual-targeted approach for UC management. </p>","PeriodicalId":101310,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cannabis research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13134199/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147518015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge and attitudes toward medical cannabis among medicine, nursing, and physiotherapy students at a Colombian university: a cross-sectional study with multivariate analysis.","authors":"Juan Fernando Bedoya Sandoval, Luz Dary Arroyo Valencia, Pedro Andrés Molano Agudelo","doi":"10.1186/s42238-026-00423-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42238-026-00423-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Medical cannabis has gained increasing recognition for its therapeutic potential in various clinical conditions. However, knowledge and attitudes toward its medical use among future health professionals in Colombia remain limited and insufficiently investigated. OBJECTIVE: To assess the levels of knowledge and attitudes regarding medical cannabis among Medicine, Nursing, and Physiotherapy students at a private Colombian university, identify sociodemographic predictors of higher knowledge and favorable attitudes. The findings are then discussed in the context of national and international public health and regulatory frameworks, highlighting potential areas for educational consideration. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 658 undergraduate students selected through simple random sampling stratified by academic program and semester, using official enrollment lists as the sampling frame. A validated questionnaire assessed sociodemographics, knowledge, and attitudes. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression identified predictors of higher knowledge and favorable attitudes (p < 0.05; 95% CI). Public health implications were analyzed in relation to WHO, PAHO, and UNODC recommendations, as well as Colombian health and education policy. RESULTS: Overall, 63% reported moderate to substantial knowledge, though significant gaps persisted: 69% demonstrated low self-perceived knowledge regarding therapeutic dosage, 92% lacked awareness of legal regulations, and 60% showed insufficient knowledge about pharmaceutical forms. Attitudes toward the medical use of cannabis were predominantly favorable: 75% supported expanded legalization and 89% endorsed academic training. Multivariate analysis showed that being a medical student (OR: 2.8; 95% CI: 1.9–4.3) and being in advanced semesters (OR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.1–2.5) predicted higher knowledge. Favorable attitudes were predicted by higher knowledge (OR: 3.4; 95% CI: 2.3–5.0) and clinical rotation experience (OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.3–2.8). CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that incorporating medical cannabis education into health curricula may be beneficial, although additional studies are needed to confirm this recommendation in broader contexts. </p>","PeriodicalId":101310,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cannabis research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13130541/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147501389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electroretinographical analysis of the effect of cannabidiol (CBD) in eyes of Zucker diabetic fatty rats.","authors":"Barbara Takács, Anna Szilágyi, Panna Ötvös, Dániel Priksz, Mariann Bombicz, Adrienn Mónika Szabó, Zita Wachal, Rudolf Gesztelyi, Zoltán Szabó, Zoltán Szilvássy, Béla Juhász, Balázs Varga","doi":"10.1186/s42238-026-00421-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42238-026-00421-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Cannabidiol (CBD), main non-psychoactive ingredient of Cannabis sativa L. is known to have anti-ischemic, antidiabetic and neuroprotective effects. Ischemia–reperfusion injury of the retina is reportedly involved in deterioration of its function in diabetic retinopathy. The study was aimed to evaluate the in vivo potential retinoprotective role of CBD in type II diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats were treated with CBD orally and electroretinographical analysis was carried out. In order to confirm the disease model and to assess other antidiabetic effects of CBD in ZDF rats, fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, weight measurements and histology also took place. RESULTS: Weight and glucose-related analyses supported our used diabetic animal model. CBD reduced diabetic weight gain without affecting glucose levels of ZDF rats, suggesting glucose-independent mechanisms of its retinal actions. CBD treatment selectively increased dark-adapted ERG amplitudes, while leaving light-adapted responses unaffected. It did not alter reduced amplitudes and prolonged implicit times of diabetic oscillatory potentials (OPs), but lowered variability of OP amplitudes and flicker peak intervals. A potential indirect mechanism for its effects beside glutamatergic inhibition is the ability of CBD to decrease thickening of diabetic retina. CONCLUSIONS: CBD exerted glucose-independent retinoprotective effects in ZDF rats by normalizing weight gain and preventing retinal thickening. While glycemic levels were unaffected, CBD selectively enhanced rod-mediated ERG amplitudes and reduced variability indicators of OPs and flickers. </p>","PeriodicalId":101310,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cannabis research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13107786/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147470684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sanitation of medical cannabis flowers (Cannabis sativa L., flos): comparing current technologies and non-thermal plasma novelties from safety and quality perspectives.","authors":"Samantha Nestel, Claas Hedtfeld, Ulrike Spilker, Jörg Ehlbeck, Sebastian Guenther, Uta Schnabel","doi":"10.1186/s42238-026-00417-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42238-026-00417-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of cannabis in medicine has rich historical roots spanning thousands of years before stigmatism surrounding the narcotic use of this plant led to strict regulations on its use. Recently, medicinal and recreational cannabis use has experienced a resurgence in many regions of the world, receiving attention from society and policy as legalization increases availability and necessity of greater mindfulness. Research on cannabis is gaining more traction to better inform the regulations needed to ensure the safe and effective usage of this drug. Owing to cannabis being a natural plant product, there are contamination risks even when it is produced under good manufacturing practices (GMPs), which can pose a health risk to consumers. Several pathogenic bacteria and fungi have been found on cannabis, either causing disease in the plant or causing health issues in people who consume the product. The literature on the microbiological safety of cannabis focuses on identifying the species that exist on the plant and the efficacy of sanitation methods currently used in the food industry for the decontamination of cannabis. Specifically, irradiation methods such as gamma irradiation and electron beams have been applied to effectively lower the microbial load on cannabis. However, these irradiation methods face pushbacks due to cost barriers, regulatory issues, and customer disapproval for irradiated products. Innovative gaseous and non-thermal plasma methods are beginning to gain attention because of their preliminary results in effectively decontaminating food products. Indirect non-thermal plasma methods such as ozone and plasma-processed air present new, possibly better, sanitation options for the complex flower structure of cannabis while maintaining its quality. This review discusses the historical importance of cannabis usage and the need to mitigate microbial contamination while considering the current methods used to sanitize cannabis. Finally, we present innovative gaseous and non-thermal plasma methods that are currently being integrated or are under research for cannabis sanitization to improve the safety and future regulatory aspects of cannabis processing.</p>","PeriodicalId":101310,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cannabis research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13064095/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147446553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses of two industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivars to different levels of topping.","authors":"Spyridoula Chavalina, Vasileios Ioannidis, Dimitrios Bilalis, Fotini Lamari, George Zervoudakis, Georgios Salachas","doi":"10.1186/s42238-026-00410-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42238-026-00410-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: For the cultivation of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), topping (the removal of the apical meristem) is a key cultivation practice, affecting plant morphology, physiological function, biomass allocation, and the yield of inflorescences and cannabinoids. The present study investigated the effect of topping on two monoecious industrial hemp cultivars (‘Enectaliana’ and ‘Santhica 70’). METHODS: The experiment was conducted from April to June 2024 in a greenhouse using 10 L pots, following a completely randomized design with four treatments: no topping and topping above the 4th, 5th, and 6th node from the base of the main stem. During the experimental period, the mean daily air temperature was 26.0 °C and the mean relative humidity was 54.4%. Agronomic and physiological growth characteristics, biomass production, and cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG) yield were evaluated. Cannabinoid analysis of the female inflorescence extracts was performed using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS). RESULTS: The results showed that topping caused a significant reduction in plant height and an increase in the length of secondary shoots, with a stronger effect observed in the cultivar ‘Santhica 70’. The diameter of the main shoot was not significantly affected by the topping treatment. Topping led to a significant increase in both fresh and dry biomass, with the highest values recorded in plants topped above the 4th and 5th nodes. Regarding physiological parameters, topping at the 4th node was associated with an increased photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance. Regarding cannabinoid composition, an increase in CBD content was observed in ‘Enectaliana’ and in CBG content, in ‘Santhica 70’, indicating that topping may act as a morphogenetic and physiological stress factor that enhances the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. CONCLUSIONS: Topping significantly altered plant architecture, suppressing height and promoting branching, which increased biomass, particularly at the 4th and 5th nodes. These morphological changes were accompanied by enhanced physiological performance and secondary metabolism, elevating CBD in ‘Enectaliana’ and CBG in ‘Santhica 70’. Therefore, topping at the 4th or 5th node is recommended to maximize yield and phytochemical quality. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Not applicable. </p>","PeriodicalId":101310,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cannabis research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13101382/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147367965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single cell multiomic analysis of the impact of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on HIV infected CD4 T cells.","authors":"Manickam Ashokkumar, Renee Y Ge, Alicia Cooper-Volkheimer, David M Margolis, Quefeng Li, Yuchao Jiang, David M Murdoch, Edward P Browne","doi":"10.1186/s42238-026-00412-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42238-026-00412-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cannabis use is prevalent among individuals living with HIV in the United States, but the impact of cannabis exposure on the reservoir of latently infected cells that persists during antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains unclear. To address this gap, we analyzed the effect of Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on primary CD4 T cells that were latently infected with HIV. We found that THC did not have a strong effect on baseline or latency reversing agent (LRA) stimulated HIV expression, or on expression of an activation marker (CD38). However, using an integrated multiomic single-cell analysis of genome-wide chromatin accessibility and gene expression, we observed altered expression of several hundred genes in HIV infected CD4 T cells after THC exposure, including transcriptional downregulation of genes involved in protein translation and antiviral pathways, indicating that THC suppresses innate immune activation in infected cells. Additionally, chromatin accessibility analysis demonstrated upregulated chromatin binding activity for the transcriptional regulator CTCF, and reduced activity for members of the ETS transcription factor family in infected cells after THC exposure. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms by which cannabis use could influence the persistence of HIV within cellular reservoirs and the molecular phenotype of latently infected cells. Further elucidation of the underlying mechanisms involved in THC-mediated changes to HIV infected cells, will lead to an improved understanding of the impact of cannabis use on the HIV reservoir.</p>","PeriodicalId":101310,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cannabis research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13069807/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147358327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}