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Variabilities in commercial cyanotoxin standards 商业蓝藻毒素标准的变异性
AWWA water science Pub Date : 2023-03-26 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.1332
Ai Jia, Matthew D. Prescott, Yingbo C. Guo, George D. Di Giovanni, Wei L. Li, Eduardo A. Garcia, Jonathan Zapata, Samuel D. Patton, Brett J. Vanderford, Andrew D. Eaton
{"title":"Variabilities in commercial cyanotoxin standards","authors":"Ai Jia,&nbsp;Matthew D. Prescott,&nbsp;Yingbo C. Guo,&nbsp;George D. Di Giovanni,&nbsp;Wei L. Li,&nbsp;Eduardo A. Garcia,&nbsp;Jonathan Zapata,&nbsp;Samuel D. Patton,&nbsp;Brett J. Vanderford,&nbsp;Andrew D. Eaton","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1332","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cyanotoxin standards are commercially available from various suppliers. To investigate the potential impact of different sources on the comparability of cyanotoxin monitoring results among different methods and studies, this study evaluated the quality of 86 cyanotoxin standards from nine vendors via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Substantial variabilities between vendors (up to 60%) and between lots (up to 98%) were observed for most of the standards. In addition, some of the microcystin standards had up to 11% of other microcystins as impurities. Compared to non-certified analytical standards, certified standards showed much better agreement, with standards variations below 15% for all tested toxins. This study highlights the importance of developing and applying unified and certified standards for cyanotoxin analysis to improve the consistency and comparability of results. If different sources/lots of standards are used, they need to be cross-checked to evaluate the potential impacts on results.</p>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aws2.1332","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50144856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Geospatial model of composition of water service lines in Flint, Michigan: Validation using excavation data and a new compositional geostatistical approach 密歇根州弗林特市供水线路组成的地理空间模型：使用挖掘数据和新的组成地质统计学方法进行验证
AWWA water science Pub Date : 2023-03-24 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.1331
Pierre Goovaerts
{"title":"Geospatial model of composition of water service lines in Flint, Michigan: Validation using excavation data and a new compositional geostatistical approach","authors":"Pierre Goovaerts","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1331","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Following the Flint drinking water crisis, a service line (SL) replacement program was implemented to replace lead SLs and galvanized SLs connecting residences to Flint's water system, leading to the excavation and inspection over a 5-year period (2016–2020) of a total of 26,750 lines, representing close to 50% of all tax parcels in the City of Flint. These recent data were used to validate an earlier geospatial model created by residual indicator kriging (IK) to predict the probability that a home has a lead, galvanized, or copper private-side SL based on neighboring house inspections (i.e., 3254 homes visited in 2017) and secondary information (i.e., built year and city records on SL composition). Receiver operating characteristic curves indicated an average frequency of detection (i.e., area under the curve [AUC]) of 0.9 for copper and galvanized material and 0.6 for lead service lines. Predicting the composition of SL at unmonitored residences by IK, however, can result in negative probabilities of occurrence and probabilities that do not sum to 1. These limitations were overcome by adopting simplicial IK, whereby data undergo a logratio transform before the geospatial analysis. This first application of a compositional approach to SL data improved the detection of lead SLs (AUC = 0.8 vs. 0.6) while providing coherent predictions. Incorporating secondary information, in particular using standardized cokriging and a new rescaled cross-semivariogram estimator introduced to correct for geographical clustering of house inspections, increased the accuracy of the prediction.</p>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aws2.1331","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50154008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A literature review of bench top and pilot lead corrosion assessment studies 对试验台和试点铅腐蚀评估研究的文献综述
AWWA water science Pub Date : 2023-03-24 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.1324
Christina Devine, Simoni Triantafyllidou
{"title":"A literature review of bench top and pilot lead corrosion assessment studies","authors":"Christina Devine,&nbsp;Simoni Triantafyllidou","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1324","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aws2.1324","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bench top and pilot lead corrosion studies are gaining more interest, considering revisions and upcoming improvements to the Lead and Copper Rule. This literature review identified studies ranging from simpler month(s)-long bench top dump-and-fill stagnant water tests (coupon tests/standing pipe tests) to more complicated year(s)-long intermittent flow pilot studies (recirculating pipe loops/once through pipe rigs). With increasing complexity in design and operation, studies more closely approximated real plumbing conditions (e.g., by incorporating harvested lead pipes and intermittent flow regimes) at increased cost, footprint, and duration. Comparison of bench top and pilot designs (in terms of lead test piece age/dimensions/configuration/replicates, study duration, sample collection, and other factors) can assist drinking water utilities, consultants, academics, and others to select a design that matches their needs and constraints. No matter the choice, surrogate systems cannot replace actual system water testing and are best complemented by other corrosion assessment tools.</p>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://awwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aws2.1324","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9946055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Triple-bottom-line approach for comparing point-of-use/point-of-entry to centralized water treatment 比较集中式水处理的使用点/入口点的三重底线方法
AWWA water science Pub Date : 2023-03-03 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.1320
Kaycie Lane, David Reckhow, John Tobiason, Emily Kumpel
{"title":"Triple-bottom-line approach for comparing point-of-use/point-of-entry to centralized water treatment","authors":"Kaycie Lane,&nbsp;David Reckhow,&nbsp;John Tobiason,&nbsp;Emily Kumpel","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1320","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Small drinking water systems in the United States often suffer from repeated Safe Drinking Water Act water quality violations that necessitate upgrades to the existing centralized systems to achieve compliance. Community water systems (CWSs) need to evaluate the tradeoffs between public health, environmental and economic impacts when choosing these system improvements. This study developed the input and output components of a triple-bottom-line methodology to compare two alternatives: (1) installing a centralized treatment upgrade or (2) a point-of-use/point-of-entry device over a 30-year period, using a health exposure assessment specific contaminants, life cycle analysis of environmental impacts improvement, and life cycle costing to account for the useful life of components and the number of households served by a CWS. We present recommendations and considerations for future usage of the triple-bottom-line approach methodology.</p>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aws2.1320","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50119645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Removal of PFAS from groundwater using weak-base anion exchange resins 弱碱性阴离子交换树脂去除地下水中PFAS的研究
AWWA water science Pub Date : 2023-02-24 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.1325
Christian Kassar, Treavor H. Boyer
{"title":"Removal of PFAS from groundwater using weak-base anion exchange resins","authors":"Christian Kassar,&nbsp;Treavor H. Boyer","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1325","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This research provides new insights on the application of weak-base (WB) anion exchange resins (AERs) for groundwater treatment of six perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) with different properties. Continuous-flow column adsorption and regeneration experiments involving WB, polyacrylic, and WB, polystyrene resins were conducted considering salt-only regeneration solutions and two representative strong-base (SB)-AERs of analogous polymer composition and a third solution of methanol/salt used as baseline for comparison. The WB, polyacrylic resin was regenerated using salt-only solutions of NaOH due to deprotonation of the tertiary amine functional group at alkaline pH. However, organic cosolvent was required to weaken the hydrophobic interactions between PFAAs and the nonpolar WB, polystyrene resin. Removal was predominantly influenced by polymer composition with free-base WB-AERs exhibiting similar selectivity and higher capacity as SB resin counterparts. This work highlights WB-AER selection based on PFAA-selective removal and more sustainable regeneration strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aws2.1325","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50142741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Corrigendum—The Marshall fire: Scientific and policy needs for water system disaster response 勘误表--马歇尔大火：水系统灾害应对的科学和政策需求
AWWA water science Pub Date : 2023-02-17 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.1323
{"title":"Corrigendum—The Marshall fire: Scientific and policy needs for water system disaster response","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1323","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Since publication of their article, Whelton et al. (<span>2023</span>) identified that a figure was referenced where the supplementary materials should have been referenced, and that the supplementary materials did not include important information.</p><p>The second paragraph of Section 4.3 read the following:</p><p>A drinking water chemical analysis “fire package” was proposed during the Marshall Fire response (Figure 1), and should be revised as more VOC and SVOC data becomes available.</p><p>The reference to Figure 1 for the “fire package” was incorrect and should have read the following:</p><p>A drinking water chemical analysis “fire package” was proposed during the Marshall Fire response (Appendix S1), and should be revised as more VOC and SVOC data becomes available.</p><p>The information provided in Appendix S1 was incomplete and was missing pages related to the S-3.2 enclosures. A file with the complete supporting information has replaced the previously published version.</p>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aws2.1323","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50151630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Wildfire damage and contamination to private drinking water wells 野火对私人饮用水井的破坏和污染
AWWA water science Pub Date : 2023-02-15 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.1319
Caroline Jankowski, Kristofer Isaacson, Madeline Larsen, Christian Ley, Myles Cook, Andrew J. Whelton
{"title":"Wildfire damage and contamination to private drinking water wells","authors":"Caroline Jankowski,&nbsp;Kristofer Isaacson,&nbsp;Madeline Larsen,&nbsp;Christian Ley,&nbsp;Myles Cook,&nbsp;Andrew J. Whelton","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1319","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Following the 2021 Marshall Fire in Colorado, this study was conducted to better understand private well and plumbing damage and to develop public health guidance. More than 20 post-fire drinking water well guidance documents with varied recommendations were found. Approximately 227 wells were located in the fire footprint. Seventeen properties were visited, and a subset of wells were sampled for organic and inorganic contaminants. Property debris was also collected. Benzene, toluene, and 19 semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) were detected in water extracts of property debris. No wells contained volatile organic compound contamination. Two shallow wells (12 and 15 ft) had debris contamination; one well contained notable SVOC contamination. One multi-home unregulated well system was extensively damaged, lost pressure, and had not been repressurized 11 months after the fire due to financial and technical challenges. Study results highlight the need for follow-up work to understand well system damage and household response.</p>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aws2.1319","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50150984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Investigation of the formation of NDMAUFC across biofilters NDMAUFC在生物滤池中的形成研究
AWWA water science Pub Date : 2023-02-13 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.1322
Ashley N. Kent, Caroline G. Russell, Jason T. Carter, William A. Mitch, Raymond M. Hozalski, Peter M. Huck
{"title":"Investigation of the formation of NDMAUFC across biofilters","authors":"Ashley N. Kent,&nbsp;Caroline G. Russell,&nbsp;Jason T. Carter,&nbsp;William A. Mitch,&nbsp;Raymond M. Hozalski,&nbsp;Peter M. Huck","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1322","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Full-scale sampling at 16 facilities illustrated that NDMA precursor concentrations, measured by adding chloramine under Uniform Formation Conditions (NDMA<sub>UFC</sub>), increased across biofiltration at 7 of 16 facilities (by 3–48 ng/L or 12%–296%) but stayed the same or decreased (by up to 5 ng/L or 24%) at the other nine facilities. Increases in NDMA<sub>UFC</sub> concentrations were attributed to both particulate and soluble precursors. Only two facilities had an increase in NDMA<sub>UFC</sub> greater than 10 ng/L. However, NDMA<sub>UFC</sub> concentrations in the biofilter effluent from five facilities exceeded 10 ng/L during one or more sampling events. For these facilities, testing at multiple scales showed that mitigation steps could include pretreatment with ozone (which resulted in overall lower NDMA<sub>UFC</sub>), increased free chlorine contact time prior to ammonia addition, and/or optimized biofilter design and operation.</p>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aws2.1322","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50140162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Characterization and drivers of haloacetic acids in New York State 纽约州卤代乙酸的特性和驱动因素
AWWA water science Pub Date : 2023-02-05 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.1321
Rassil Sayess, Scott Steinschneider
{"title":"Characterization and drivers of haloacetic acids in New York State","authors":"Rassil Sayess,&nbsp;Scott Steinschneider","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1321","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in finished drinking water is an ongoing challenge for public health agencies and water utilities. The Fourth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule data were used to assess the prevalence and drivers of haloacetic acids (HAAs)—a class of DBPs—in New York State's (NYS) public water systems, with a focus on total measured (HAA9), regulated (HAA5), brominated (HAA6Br), and unregulated (HAA4) HAAs. The concentrations of all HAA groups in NYS are found to be similar to those nationally, with HAA4 composing approximately 20% of HAA9. Concentrations of all HAA groups are lowest in groundwater and highest in surface waters across NYS systems. Higher total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations lead to elevated HAA9 and HAA5, while higher bromide concentrations favor more HAA4 and HAA6Br. HAA4 concentrations are well predicted with pre-oxidation/disinfection types, HAA5, TOC, and bromide concentrations, with an adjusted <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> of 70%.</p>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aws2.1321","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50121495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Field evaluation of phosphorus limitation in drinking water biofilters 饮用水生物滤池磷限值的现场评价
AWWA water science Pub Date : 2023-01-26 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.1317
Madison Rasmus, Asher E. Keithley, Bryant A. Chambers, Grace Zhou, Greg Pope, Eric R. V. Dickenson, Bradley Bzdyra, Alisa Lu, Kerry A. Kinney, Mary Jo Kirisits
{"title":"Field evaluation of phosphorus limitation in drinking water biofilters","authors":"Madison Rasmus,&nbsp;Asher E. Keithley,&nbsp;Bryant A. Chambers,&nbsp;Grace Zhou,&nbsp;Greg Pope,&nbsp;Eric R. V. Dickenson,&nbsp;Bradley Bzdyra,&nbsp;Alisa Lu,&nbsp;Kerry A. Kinney,&nbsp;Mary Jo Kirisits","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1317","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hydraulic performance issues in drinking-water biofilters have sometimes been associated with phosphorus limitation and increased production of extracellular polymeric substances in previous bench-scale studies. However, field studies utilizing phosphorus supplementation to improve biofilter hydraulic performance have produced mixed results. Here, we determined the ratio of activities for phosphatase to glycosidase (PHO:GLY), which are enzymes involved in acquiring orthophosphate and biodegradable organic carbon from complex organic substrates, to assess phosphorus limitation in 21 pilot- and full-scale biofilters. Supplementation of the pilot-scale biofilter influents with 37 μg/L orthophosphate-P reduced the PHO:GLY from 1.8–40.3 (mean 14.8) to 0.3–15.9 (mean 5.3), demonstrating that increased orthophosphate availability decreases PHO:GLY. In the absence of phosphorus supplementation, the PHO:GLY of the pilot- and full-scale biofilters ranged from 0.3 to 40.3 (mean 10.1), and no hydraulic performance issues were noted. Thus, severe phosphorus limitation appears uncommon in the field, suggesting that phosphorus supplementation is unlikely to improve hydraulic performance in typical drinking water biofilters.</p>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aws2.1317","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50144708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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