Urban WaterPub Date : 2002-09-01DOI: 10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00004-3
K. Atkinson , J.T. Whiter , P.A. Smith , M. Mulheron
{"title":"Failure of small diameter cast iron pipes","authors":"K. Atkinson , J.T. Whiter , P.A. Smith , M. Mulheron","doi":"10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00004-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00004-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The in-service strength degradation, as a result of corrosion, of cast iron water distribution pipes has been investigated. The strengths of 1 m lengths of pipe extracted from the ground have been measured in either 3- or 4-point bending and the size of the controlling defect has been estimated by visual examination of the fracture surface. The application of Weibull statistics to the bend test data demonstrates that there is bimodal behaviour which suggests that there are two populations of flaws present. It is postulated that the larger flaw size population is associated with corrosion pits that form during the process of graphitisation, while the smaller flaw size population is associated with the inherent flaws within the (brittle) cast iron pipe material. A </span><em>critical pit depth</em><span> is identified at the transition between the two competing flaw populations, where there is a change in slope on the Weibull plot. It is shown also that the residual strength/pit depth data are described equally well by either of the two conventional analyses, i.e. loss of section and fracture mechanics.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":101268,"journal":{"name":"Urban Water","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 263-271"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00004-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89798908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urban WaterPub Date : 2002-09-01DOI: 10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00019-5
S Vaillant, M.F Pouet, O Thomas
{"title":"Basic handling of UV spectra for urban water quality monitoring","authors":"S Vaillant, M.F Pouet, O Thomas","doi":"10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00019-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00019-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recent environmental regulations imply the need for optimisation of wastewater treatment and, therefore, a need for tools providing quantitative and qualitative information about urban wastewater characterisation and evolution. This work presents simple methods developed for UV spectra exploitation, namely direct comparison, spectra differences and normalisation. Simple comparisons of spectra helped understand the UV physical response of total suspended solids and enabled to check wastewater quality conservation. The investigation of the various size range fractions of samples from different origins enables the proposal of a typology of these fractions taking into account organic matter origin, its stability, the part of inorganic particles and weather conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101268,"journal":{"name":"Urban Water","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 273-281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00019-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89327689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urban WaterPub Date : 2002-09-01DOI: 10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00008-0
Daniel Sztruhár , Marek Sokáč , Adrián Holienčin , Andrej Markovič
{"title":"Comprehensive assessment of combined sewer overflows in Slovakia","authors":"Daniel Sztruhár , Marek Sokáč , Adrián Holienčin , Andrej Markovič","doi":"10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00008-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00008-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Combined sewer systems in Slovakia were evaluated during a three-year joint research project of the Water Research Institute and the Department of Sanitary Engineering of the Slovak University of Technology. First results of the comprehensive assessment are presented in the paper. Over 300 combined sewer overflows (CSOs) were visited and their structural condition evaluated. Samples of overflowing water were taken from eight overflows and analysed for common constituents. A water quality database was prepared from the CSO pollution data. The first flush of organic pollution was not confirmed in any of the events.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101268,"journal":{"name":"Urban Water","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 237-243"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00008-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81968111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urban WaterPub Date : 2002-06-01DOI: 10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00011-0
Pete Kolsky , David Butler
{"title":"Performance indicators for urban storm drainage in developing countries","authors":"Pete Kolsky , David Butler","doi":"10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00011-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00011-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper describes conceptual and practical aspects of urban storm drainage performance indicators, based on the authors' experience in developing countries, particularly India. The paper begins by presenting a general framework of objectives and performance indicators as logical intermediate steps between values and the decisions taken to reflect them. The paper then considers practical approaches to performance and indicator measurement, based on field experience in India. General conclusions about drainage performance indicators are then presented, stressing the challenge of finding indicators which are (1) valid indicators of performance, (2) relatively easy to measure, and (3) helpful to the decision-maker.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101268,"journal":{"name":"Urban Water","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 137-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00011-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82272865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urban WaterPub Date : 2002-06-01DOI: 10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00014-6
Annelies J Balkema , Heinz A Preisig , Ralf Otterpohl , Fred J.D Lambert
{"title":"Indicators for the sustainability assessment of wastewater treatment systems","authors":"Annelies J Balkema , Heinz A Preisig , Ralf Otterpohl , Fred J.D Lambert","doi":"10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00014-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00014-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sustainability challenges us to reflect on wastewater treatment differently. Instead of focussing on end-of-pipe-treatment for emission prevention, attention shifts towards optimal resource utilisation, favouring the development of decentralised systems. But are these systems more sustainable than centralised wastewater treatment systems? What aspects determine sustainability? In an extensive literature review we give an overview of sustainability assessment methods and currently used indicators. Based on this we propose a general assessment methodology that builds on multi-objective optimisation and a complete set of sustainability indicators, yielding insight into the trade-offs made when selecting sustainable wastewater treatment systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101268,"journal":{"name":"Urban Water","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 153-161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00014-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85782002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urban WaterPub Date : 2002-06-01DOI: 10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00017-1
Johannes M.U. Geerse , Arnold H. Lobbrecht
{"title":"Assessing the performance of urban drainage systems: `general approach' applied to the city of Rotterdam","authors":"Johannes M.U. Geerse , Arnold H. Lobbrecht","doi":"10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00017-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00017-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Department of Public Works for the city of Rotterdam manages a complex urban drainage system. The system consists of 30 catchments, collects wastewater discharged by 30 pumping stations, to a total of five treatment plants (1.1 million equivalent population). At present control of all these pumping stations is being centralised. To assess the benefits of central control, a performance index (PI) was developed to classify the actual performance of the system under control, during dry weather conditions and during storm events. The PI is composed of deterministic and heuristic indicators that reflect the quality of the control with respect to different objectives set for the entire water system.</p><p>In a case study the PI was computed for several historic events and showed encouraging results in different modes of control for both dry weather and storm conditions. From the results it can be concluded that the technology described in this paper can help to identify points that need performance improvement in the urban water system in general and in the way it is controlled specifically.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101268,"journal":{"name":"Urban Water","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 199-209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00017-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88034975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urban WaterPub Date : 2002-06-01DOI: 10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00005-5
M Brilly
{"title":"Water Privatisation – Trans-national Corporations and the Re-regulation of the Water Industry, Matthial Finger and Jeremy Allouche; E&FN Spon Press, London and New York, 2001, 263 pp","authors":"M Brilly","doi":"10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00005-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00005-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101268,"journal":{"name":"Urban Water","volume":"4 2","pages":"Page 211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00005-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79253357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urban WaterPub Date : 2002-06-01DOI: 10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00015-8
Margareta Lundin , Gregory M. Morrison
{"title":"A life cycle assessment based procedure for development of environmental sustainability indicators for urban water systems","authors":"Margareta Lundin , Gregory M. Morrison","doi":"10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00015-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00015-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Environmental sustainability is a concern and stated objective for municipalities and organisations, but is often vaguely defined and clear measurement procedures are lacking. An iterative procedure for the selection of indicators, which reflects the environmental sustainability of urban water systems, is presented. The analytical basis for selecting indicators is life cycle assessment (LCA), which provides a stringent assessment of environmental sustainability. The indicators were evaluated in Case Studies in a developed and a developing region. The iterative procedure allows refinement/replacement of indicators through Case Studies and further LCA.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101268,"journal":{"name":"Urban Water","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 145-152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00015-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81855794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urban WaterPub Date : 2002-06-01DOI: 10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00006-7
M Brilly
{"title":"Monitoring Bathing Waters – A Practical Guide to the Design and Implementation of Assessments and Monitoring Programmes, Jamie Bartram and Gareth Rees; E&FN Spon Press, London and New York, 2000, 337 pp, ISBN 0-419-24380-1 HBK, ISBN 0-419-24370-4 PB","authors":"M Brilly","doi":"10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00006-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00006-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101268,"journal":{"name":"Urban Water","volume":"4 2","pages":"Page 212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00006-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90584586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urban WaterPub Date : 2002-06-01DOI: 10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00016-X
J.-L. Bertrand–Krajewski, S. Barraud, J.-P. Bardin
{"title":"Uncertainties, performance indicators and decision aid applied to stormwater facilities","authors":"J.-L. Bertrand–Krajewski, S. Barraud, J.-P. Bardin","doi":"10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00016-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00016-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Performance indicators play an increasing role in the design and the operation of urban drainage systems. However, uncertainties linked to both calculation of performance indicators and their use in decision-aid tools and methods have been rarely accounted for. Two case studies concerning stormwater facilities are presented in this paper. The first one concerns the effect of sampling and analytical uncertainties on the evaluation of a single performance indicator defined as the annual interception efficiency of a stormwater storage and settling tank. The second one is related to the effect of modelling uncertainties on the evaluation of several performance indicators and on their impact as regards the choice of maintenance strategy of a stormwater infiltration tank. Both cases show that uncertainties are very significant and shall be accounted for in the calculation and the use of performance indicators.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101268,"journal":{"name":"Urban Water","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 163-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00016-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73356543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}