Urban SystemsPub Date : 1979-01-01Epub Date: 2002-08-28DOI: 10.1016/0147-8001(79)90008-1
Scott S. Cowen
{"title":"Zero base budgeting in municipalities","authors":"Scott S. Cowen","doi":"10.1016/0147-8001(79)90008-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0147-8001(79)90008-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The use of Zero Base Budgeting (ZBB) in the public sector has increased significantly since the early 1970's. Recent surveys have indicated that the federal government, twelve state governments and several municipalities are either in the process of implementing a ZBB System or have one in effect. The primary purpose of this paper is to determine (1) the extent to which ZBB is being used in cities, (2) the procedures and practices being employed in user cities, and (3) the problems and benefits of ZBB as a management tool in local governments. This information, collected from a mail questionnaire, provides insight into how effectively ZBB works in the public sector, in general: and, in cities, in particular.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101267,"journal":{"name":"Urban Systems","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 65-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0147-8001(79)90008-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81175776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urban SystemsPub Date : 1979-01-01Epub Date: 2002-08-28DOI: 10.1016/0147-8001(79)90007-X
Victor Eugene Flango
{"title":"Urban governance and police expenditures","authors":"Victor Eugene Flango","doi":"10.1016/0147-8001(79)90007-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0147-8001(79)90007-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The problems of crime and the fear of crime in American cities constitute a major component of the ‘urban crisis’. The first objective of this research was to determine the extent to which several demographic and socioeconomic factors influenced both operating and capital police expenditures in the 383 largest cities. Before the impact of these potentially policy-relevant variables on spending could be measured, the effects of urban size had to be mathematically removed from actual police expenditures by means of a regression technique. This analysis revealed that urbanism, in addition to urban size, was an important determinant of police operating expenditures. When residual, size-free expenditures were broken down by political attributes of cities, ‘reformed cities’ (those possessing a city manager form of government, nonpartisan elections, councilmen elected at-large and the mayor elected from the council) were found to spend less for police protection, given their sizes. It also became clear that this economy was achieved at the expense of the capital (including equipment) budgets. If this economy was achieved without sacrificing the quality of police services, perhaps governmental variables, as well as ‘need’ variables, ought to be considered by agencies giving financial assistance to cities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101267,"journal":{"name":"Urban Systems","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 53-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0147-8001(79)90007-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88867703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urban SystemsPub Date : 1979-01-01Epub Date: 2002-08-28DOI: 10.1016/0147-8001(79)90015-9
John M. Gleason
{"title":"A generating process for police patrol car breakdowns: Implications for maintenance facility staffing","authors":"John M. Gleason","doi":"10.1016/0147-8001(79)90015-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0147-8001(79)90015-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper examines the Poisson process, which has proven useful in several public sector analyses, as a model of a police patrol car breakdown process. On the basis of available patrol car breakdown data for a 1-yr period, the Poisson was found to be a good model of patrol car breakdowns in a city of approximately 175,000 population. Results of both chisquare and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests are presented. Finally, implications of the Poisson model for maintenance facility staffing are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101267,"journal":{"name":"Urban Systems","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 167-173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0147-8001(79)90015-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77686176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urban SystemsPub Date : 1979-01-01Epub Date: 2002-08-28DOI: 10.1016/0147-8001(79)90017-2
Ronald W. Matheny
{"title":"Regulatory administration: Environmental protection and the changing local political scene","authors":"Ronald W. Matheny","doi":"10.1016/0147-8001(79)90017-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0147-8001(79)90017-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The changing pattern of local government decisionmaking in the environmental protection regulatory area is examined. The traditional pluralistic consensus model is discussed and expanded into a more realistic pluralistic conflict model. Several implications relevant to local government decisionmaking are presented.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101267,"journal":{"name":"Urban Systems","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 183-191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0147-8001(79)90017-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84226558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urban SystemsPub Date : 1979-01-01Epub Date: 2002-08-28DOI: 10.1016/0147-8001(79)90013-5
Thomas J. Murray
{"title":"Delphi methodologies: A review and critique","authors":"Thomas J. Murray","doi":"10.1016/0147-8001(79)90013-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0147-8001(79)90013-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper provides a brief review of the range of methodologies encompassed by the Delphi technique. It then investigates a number of criticisms that have been raised in the literature in connection with Delphi and its applications. With this background an evaluation of the usefulness and limitations of these methodologies is made.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101267,"journal":{"name":"Urban Systems","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 153-158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0147-8001(79)90013-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73167876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urban SystemsPub Date : 1979-01-01Epub Date: 2002-08-28DOI: 10.1016/0147-8001(79)90012-3
Joseph M. Firestone, Sidney H. Brounstein
{"title":"Program evaluation and value interpretation","authors":"Joseph M. Firestone, Sidney H. Brounstein","doi":"10.1016/0147-8001(79)90012-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0147-8001(79)90012-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101267,"journal":{"name":"Urban Systems","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 141-152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0147-8001(79)90012-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79101812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urban SystemsPub Date : 1979-01-01Epub Date: 2002-08-28DOI: 10.1016/0147-8001(79)90014-7
John M. Gleason
{"title":"A systems analysis approach to transit routing and scheduling in a small city","authors":"John M. Gleason","doi":"10.1016/0147-8001(79)90014-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0147-8001(79)90014-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A computer model involving simulation is presented which can be used by small city mass transit decision-makers to determine benefits of alternative routing-scheduling systems. Given the results of an origin-destination survey, the model determines the number of trip demands which will be lost due to poor routing or poor scheduling, and the best travel pattern for the trip demands which can be serviced by the routing-scheduling system. The simulation portion of the model then simulates the operation of the buses on the routes, and the loading, unloading, and transfer of passengers in order to determine trip revenues, vehicle operating costs, and a variety of customer service measures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101267,"journal":{"name":"Urban Systems","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 159-166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0147-8001(79)90014-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72869072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urban SystemsPub Date : 1979-01-01Epub Date: 2002-08-28DOI: 10.1016/0147-8001(79)90019-6
Martha S. Hollis
{"title":"Validation responsibility for Fiscal Impact Budgeting Simulation models","authors":"Martha S. Hollis","doi":"10.1016/0147-8001(79)90019-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0147-8001(79)90019-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fiscal Impact Budgeting Simulations (FIBS) are large-scale computer models which purport to forecast the service, revenue, and expenditure implications of governmental zoning, housing, population, transportation and taxing decisions. Validation of simulation models should be conducted relative to the precise experimental frame. The issues associated with extending public sector simulation validations beyond the reasonableness and completeness stage are explored. Four levels of validation (general overall model, historical, predictive, and structural) and the degree of responsibility (commercial model vendor or local government client) are detailed in an effort to clarify issues related to FIBS validation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101267,"journal":{"name":"Urban Systems","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 199-204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0147-8001(79)90019-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79197248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urban SystemsPub Date : 1979-01-01Epub Date: 2002-08-28DOI: 10.1016/0147-8001(79)90002-0
Anthony J. Alessandra , Ted E. Grazman , Ravi Parameswaran , Ugur Yavas
{"title":"Computer simulation: A method for analyzing patient and staffing interaction within an urban outpatient family planning clinic","authors":"Anthony J. Alessandra , Ted E. Grazman , Ravi Parameswaran , Ugur Yavas","doi":"10.1016/0147-8001(79)90002-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0147-8001(79)90002-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A perplexing problem today in certain departments within urban hospitals is their inability to manage the patient flow effectively. This problem was observed during a management review of a Family Planning Clinic of a large teaching hospital in a major city in the southeastern part of the country. Some work stations had long waiting lines while others were empty; some clinic employees were always rushing to meet demand for their time while others sat and chatted; and patient waiting areas were overcrowded at certain times while there was a complete absence of patients at other times.</p><p>A computer simulation model was developed to study the possible effects of changing the current staffing policies of the Family Planning Clinic and the overall effect on reducing the observed bottlenecks. Current operating procedures were tested along with seven other alternatives in the analysis.</p><p>The simulation model was constructed with statistical parameters based on a comprehensive analysis of hospital records, interviews with the staff, and, most importantly, actual observations of patient arrivals, waiting lines, service times, and exit times.</p><p>More dollars are now being spent in health care delivery research than ever before. This study not only offers recommendations for improved patient flow at the Family Planning Clinic, but also shows that the use of such sophisticated analytical techniques in the health delivery field can be just as valuable and evoke just as many synergistic effects as has already been demonstrated in industry.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101267,"journal":{"name":"Urban Systems","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0147-8001(79)90002-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89307573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urban SystemsPub Date : 1979-01-01Epub Date: 2002-08-28DOI: 10.1016/0147-8001(79)90021-4
Scott S. Cowen D.B.A., C.M.A., Cynthia Bezik
{"title":"The U.S. Government experience with ZBB: Some insights and observations for potential governmental units","authors":"Scott S. Cowen D.B.A., C.M.A., Cynthia Bezik","doi":"10.1016/0147-8001(79)90021-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0147-8001(79)90021-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The U.S. Government has recently completed its first year under ZBB. Their experience is serving as a catalyst for local and state governments, as well as other countries, to adopt a ZBB system. This paper describes and summarizes the government's initial experience with ZBB, providing insight into the pitfalls and problems which can be expected with the use of this technique. These findings will be of particular interest to individuals involved with the design and implementation of budget systems in various types of governmental units.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101267,"journal":{"name":"Urban Systems","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 221-231"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0147-8001(79)90021-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88961536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}