Results in Earth Sciences最新文献

{"title":"On the steadfastness of the least-squares reverse-time migration wavefield extrapolation via 1st-order Riemannian axis finite-difference solver","authors":"Hussein Muhammed ,&nbsp;AbdelHafiz Gadelmula ,&nbsp;Zhenchun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exploring Earth's deep regions via Least-Squares Reverse-Time Migration (LSRTM) methods is of significant interest due to its exceptional structural-amplitude clarity. This cutting-edge seismic imaging technique is time-consuming and memory-intensive, thus wavefield extrapolation was proposed to be in the Pseudodepth domain (1^st-order Riemannian coordinate system’s axis) to address these issues and to prevent oversampling/aliasing when modeling deeper subsurface zones. Stabilizing the generated Riemannian wavefield involves implementing an appropriate mapping velocity and obtaining the vertical axis operator which partially converts the finite difference solver from time to frequency domains. Each Cartesian point <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>y</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>z</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> has a corresponding vertical-time point <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>ξ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><msub><mrow><mi>ξ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><msub><mrow><mi>ξ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>, allowing interpolation of the reconstructed source wavefield through a Cartesian-to-Riemannian mapping function. Our stability and convergence analysis indicates that the spatial derivatives of the 1^st-order Riemannian axis can be approximated by Fourier pseudo-spectral methods and fast-Fourier transforms using a special Gaussian-like impulse function. This function generates the source term vector-matrix within the finite-difference operator. The mapping velocity, derived as a differential form of the initial input velocity model, controls the CFL conditions of the associated Riemannian-finite difference operator. Numerical, synthetic, and seismic field data examples show that this approach is more stable and efficient in extrapolating a smooth 1^st-order Riemannian axis-based finite-difference wavefield while adhering to Claerbout’s principle for locating subsurface reflectors. Additionally, choosing the appropriate sampling rate for the new vertical axis is inversely related to the maximum frequency of the impulse wavelet and directly related to the minimum velocity value in the model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101084,"journal":{"name":"Results in Earth Sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144895355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gauging sediment thickness in a seismically prone city in the context of the recent 6.4 M Assam earthquake","authors":"Rajib Biswas,&nbsp;Nilutpal Bora","doi":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work reports estimation of sediment thickness in a seismically prone city, namely Tezpur of Northeast, India via ambient noise measurements. Accordingly, a three-component broadband sensor was used to accrue ambient noise at seventy various locations of Tezpur. Estimation of resonance frequencies has been done from horizontal to vertical spectral ratios. <em>Via</em> as estimated resonance frequencies and available borehole feed, an empirical power law has been formulated which allows for boarder mapping of sediment thickness. The results indicate a predominance of lateral heterogeneity in the area under study. Apart from that, estimates of <em>V</em>_<em>S</em> hint at diverse soil types existing in this region. All these inputs can be of help for geotechnical engineers as well as policy makers to foster earthquake resilience in the context of the recent 2021 6.4 M_W earthquake whose epicenter was very nearby to the study area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101084,"journal":{"name":"Results in Earth Sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144714491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 for temporal identification of aquacultural ponds","authors":"Vaishnavi Joshi ,&nbsp;Dipanwita Haldar ,&nbsp;Subhadip Dey","doi":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate classification of ponds under aquaculture practices (AP) and not under aquaculture practices (NAP) is essential for effective monitoring and sustainable management practices. In this study, we have integrated optical and SAR data alongside key spectral indices, such as the Normalized Difference Turbidity Index (NDTI) and the Normalized Difference Chlorophyll Index (NDCI), to distinguish between AP and NAP ponds across different seasons. The analysis reveals distinct spectral and surface characteristics between the two classes for both optical and SAR modalities. Especially for SAR data, NAP ponds exhibit higher anisotropy (<span><math><mi>A</mi></math></span>) and lower entropy (<span><math><mi>H</mi></math></span>), while AP ponds show lower <span><math><mi>A</mi></math></span> and higher <span><math><mi>H</mi></math></span>, reflecting complex management practices. Optical indices further highlight differences, with higher water clarity and nutrient enrichment in AP ponds. The Random Forest classifier obtained a maximum overall accuracy of 94<!--> <!-->% by combining optical and SAR data, significantly outperforming other classifiers. The advantages of combining optical and SAR data, as supported by the t-SNE plots showing enhanced separability between the AP and NAP ponds. Seasonal variability also plays a critical role, with AP pond areas expanding during the monsoon season and contracting in the summer due to maintenance and evaporation. A notable shift in aquaculture practices was observed, with AP ponds covering 4617.47<!--> <!-->ha in January and increasing to 4686.73<!--> <!-->ha in September, highlighting the influence of seasonal factors. Spatial analysis revealed a dynamic shift in the usage of ponds, with aquaculture practices peaking during favorable monsoon conditions and declining during summer. The integration of multisource data significantly improves classification accuracy and captures the nuanced variability of aquaculture practices. Although environmental conditions, seasonal changes, and pond management practices influence classification performance, the proposed methodology offers a robust, scalable approach to monitoring aquaculture systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101084,"journal":{"name":"Results in Earth Sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144770915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geochemical, diagenetic and depositional characteristics of the Maastrichtian Agbaja Formation ironstone exposed at Enegbaki, southern Bida Basin, Nigeria","authors":"Toba Emmanuel Bamidele ,&nbsp;Olusola Johnson Ojo","doi":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work examines the Maastrichtian Agbaja Formation ironstones at Enegbaki, southern Bida Basin, Nigeria. The ironstone deposit has attracted significant exploration and resource evaluation efforts but its physical characteristics and paleogeographic significance remain uninvestigated. Lithostratigraphic features of the ironstones reveal association with claystone and shale. Twelve ironstone samples were selected for thin-section and polished-section microscopy, XRD, XRF, and ICPMS. Microscopy reveals that the coated grains are either rounded to spherical, partly elongated and the occurrence of whole and broken Fe-coated grains suggest an environment which is relatively agitated, involving multiple episodes of growth and reworking. Mineralogical analysis reveals the presence of amorphous components, goethite, magnetite, siderite, chamosite, maghemite and hematite in the order of abundance. Fe₂O_3, SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ constitute more than 80 % of the oxides in the samples and the Rare Earth Elements range from 129 to 249 ppm. The mineral assemblage of the ironstones indicate that the clay precursors were derived from deep chemical weathering, transported and deposited during periods of reduced clastic sediment influx in shallow to full marine environments. Two depositional facies of the ironstones are recognized; the reduced facies at the lower part comprising chamosite, siderite and magnetite and the oxidized facies are at the upper part consisting of goethite, maghemite and hematite. The main diagenetic features are the early diagenetic chamosite and siderite formation, followed by replacement of kaolinitic clays by goethite and dehydration of goethite to form hematite at the middle to late-stage diagenesis. The ironstone is characterized by intermediate Nd concentration (13.4 – 38.9 ppm), negative Ce and positive Y anomalies suggesting it is of replacement diagenetic origin and this is supported by the presence of preserved clay precursors in the ironstone. The study reveals occurrence of chamosite and siderite in the investigated ironstones indicating that extreme Eh-pH conditions in full marine environment were recorded in the Bida Basin during the Upper Cretaceous period. The presence of chamositic oolitic ironstone and reducing condition in the lower part of the ironstones in study area offers probably evidence of K/T boundary.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101084,"journal":{"name":"Results in Earth Sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144704039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping spatiotemporal variations in soil erosion using RUSLE model in Anambra State, Nigeria","authors":"Christopher Uche Ezeh ,&nbsp;Kwasi Preko ,&nbsp;Kwaku Adjei ,&nbsp;Sarah Schönbrodt-Stitt ,&nbsp;Yaw Mensah Asare ,&nbsp;Ogbonnaya Igwe","doi":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil erosion is a geomorphic hazard that has significantly degraded much of Anambra State’s landscape. To assess the spatiotemporal variations from 2017 to 2022, we employed the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model and trend analysis. The mean erosivity ranged from 1565.17 to 1817.60 MJ mm ha⁻¹ h⁻¹ yr⁻¹, with a coefficient of variation (CV) between 8.68 % and 11.29 %. The C-factor has CV values that ranged from 90.91 % to 103.45 %. The mean annual soil loss varied from 21.32 to 26.51 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The lowest erosion was recorded in 2017, and the highest in 2019; however, a general increase in erosion was observed from 2017 to 2022. Soil loss, C-factor, and R-factor displayed rising trends, with p-values of 0.13, 0.01, and 1.00, respectively. This indicates that land cover change is a dominant driver of accelerated soil erosion in the state. Nevertheless, the critical role of erosivity is evident, as the year with the highest rainfall erosivity corresponded with the maximum soil loss. Soil loss is especially severe in ten local government areas (LGAs): Oyi, Nnewi North, Aguata, Idemili North, Anaocha, Nnewi South, Awka South, Njikoka, Idemili South, and Onitsha North. The findings reveal an increasing soil erosion trend at a rate of 0.75 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ annually in the state. Accordingly, we recommend aggressive reforestation, and intensive conservation agriculture practices such as reduced to no-till agriculture, cover-cropping, and agroforestry. Additionally, the Anambra State Erosion, Watershed, and Climate Change Agency (ANSEWCCA) should also extend their intervention and stabilisation efforts to rill erosion through nature-based approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101084,"journal":{"name":"Results in Earth Sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144679052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of remote sensing and geophysics in geological mapping of southern block of Chitradurga Schist Belt areas in upstream Cauvery basin, Western Dharwar Craton, Karnataka","authors":"Samarth Urs M,&nbsp;Nagendra P,&nbsp;B.V. Suresh Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present mapping and comparision of the geology of the southern block of the Chitradurga schist belt (CSB). We have used ASTER images and geophysical data to compare the geology. Consequently, present study confirms how remote sensing integrated with geophysical surveys can enhance the efficiency and accuracy of regional geological mapping. False colour composites, band ratios, rock indices (QI, MI, and CI), mineral indices, and broadband albedo were used for lithological mapping. Remote sensing results were correlated with digitized thematic geophysical data viz. gravity anomalies, magnetic and radiometric data. The results were validated with lithological data obtained from the Geological Survey of India. Results showed that southern portion of CSB is fringed within a gneiss and dominated by amphibolites interbedded with narrow quartzite bands. To its west, occurs a narrow belt of ultramafites and acidic intrusions. In some localities, the amphibolites are overlain by mica schists.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101084,"journal":{"name":"Results in Earth Sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144672159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polyphase deformation and control of structural position on lineament distribution in a pop-up fault-propagation fold: Inferences from structural and lineament analysis of the Kambhu anticline, Southern Kirthar Fold Belt, Pakistan","authors":"Aijaz Ali Halepoto ,&nbsp;Muhammad Hassan Agheem ,&nbsp;Shabeer Ahmed ,&nbsp;Surriya Bibi Ahmedani ,&nbsp;Rafique Ahmed Lashari","doi":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Southern Kirthar Fold Belt represents the southernmost extent of the active left-lateral transpressional regime between the Indian and Eurasian Plates. This study investigates the structural geometry, deformation history, lineament distribution and the control of structural position on lineament distribution within the Kambhu anticline, a 37 km long and 7 km wide structure located in the frontal part of the Southern Kirthar Fold belt. The analysis is based on geological map (1:253,440), topographic maps (1:50,000) and Digital Elevation Model acquired by Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission with spatial resolution of 30 m. The Kambhu anticline is a north-south trending, asymmetrical, doubly-plunging, upright, gentle and east-vergent pop-up fault-propagation fold that has undergone two post-folding deformation phases. It was cut across by two antagonistic tear faults, dividing it into northern, central and southern segments. Subsequently, the southern segment was re-deformed by a regional left-lateral strike-slip fault step-over. Lineament analysis reveals that longitudinal lineaments are primarily concentrated along synclinal hinges, while, transverse and oblique lineaments are mainly distributed across the back-limb and hinge zone. Contrary to conventional models, this study identifies a dense population of lineaments in the back-limb, likely associated with the pop-up folding mechanism and post-folding anticlockwise drag induced by strike-slip faulting. The study highlights the significance of polyphase deformation in structural segmentation and controlling lineament density and orientation in pop-up fault-propagation folds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101084,"journal":{"name":"Results in Earth Sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144656534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D modeling of source and reservoir rock characteristics in key oil and gas fields, Gippsland Basin, Southern Australia","authors":"Kamalia Norjannah Kamalrulzaman ,&nbsp;Mohamed Ragab Shalaby ,&nbsp;Md Aminul Islam","doi":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite extensive hydrocarbon production from the Gippsland Basin, limited integrated 3D modeling studies have comparatively assessed the structural, geochemical, and petrophysical variations between the Kingfish and Volador formations across oil- and gas-producing fields. This gap hampers accurate reservoir characterization and development strategies. To address this, a comparative 3D modeling analysis was conducted on the Kingfish and Volador formations in the Kingfish Oil and Kipper Gas fields, Gippsland Basin, Australia. Structural analysis revealed NW-SE trending steep faults (70–72°) in the Kingfish Field and shallower WNW-ESE faults (62.5–65°) in the Kipper Field. Facies models indicated similar stratigraphic successions, with upper high-energy sandstones transitioning to organic-rich shales at the base. Geochemical analysis showed the Kingfish Formation has TOC of 1.0–12.0 wt%, HI of 120–140 mg HC/g TOC, and higher maturity (Tmax 422–430 °C; % VR 0.50–0.52 %), consistent with deeper burial. In contrast, the Volador Formation has TOC of 2.0–6.0 wt%, higher HI (150–210 mg HC/g TOC), but lower maturity (Tmax 422.5–428 °C; % VR 0.48–0.49 %). Petrophysical results showed superior reservoir quality in the Volador Formation, with porosity of 10–25 %, permeability up to 10 mD, low clay volume (0–25 %), and water saturation of 50–100 %. The Kingfish Formation displayed more variable porosity (2.5–22.5 %), lower permeability (&lt;10 mD), higher clay content (2.5–55 %), and water saturation of 40–95 %. Limited data from deeper Kingfish sections highlight the need for further exploration</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101084,"journal":{"name":"Results in Earth Sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144589052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydro-geophysical investigation of groundwater resources potential in Dashti-e-Archi alluvial aquifer, Northeastern Afghanistan","authors":"Rohullah Sediqi ,&nbsp;Mansoor Mudaser ,&nbsp;Vladimir B. Zalishchak ,&nbsp;Abdulhalim Zaryab","doi":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater is the primary source of water for drinking, domestic use, and agricultural in northern Afghanistan. However, due to over four decades of political instability, the region’s groundwater resources remain poorly understood. Identifying optimal locations for water supply schemes considering both quantity and quality is further complicated by the widespread presence of fine-grained materials. This study employed vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) using the Schlumberger configuration in the village of Arbab Rahim Dolat Zai, located in the Dasht-e-Archi district of Kunduz Province. The VES data were interpreted using IPI2Win and ZONDIP1D software. Among the surveyed sites, only the VES1 was identified as optimal, enabling consistent drilling penetration through all five geo-electric layers. Of the five strata, the fourth located at depths of 33–120 ± 10 m and composed primarily of sand, silt and gravel interbedded with clay were recognized as the principal aquifers. These findings were corroborated by lithological logs, validating the reliability of the geophysical interpretations. Additionally, the Thiem and Dupuit equations were applied to analyses steady-state groundwater flow, facilitating the estimation of hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity. The results provide valuable insights to support policymakers and engineers in the sustainable and effectively management groundwater resources in northern Afghanistan.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101084,"journal":{"name":"Results in Earth Sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144588928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of micropaleontological and chemostratigraphic analyses: Insight into depositional environment and hydrocarbon prospectivity in the Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria","authors":"N.S. Igbinigie,&nbsp;G.O. Aigbadon","doi":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rines.2025.100111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Niger Delta Basin, one of the world's most prolific hydrocarbon provinces, presents significant challenges in stratigraphic correlation and reservoir characterisation due to its structural and depositional complexities. This study presents an integrated analysis of the Miocene sediments that penetrated the NS-2 well in Leuma Field, Coastal Swamp Depobelt. The research integrates micropaleontological, palynological, and chemostratigraphic data, which was lacking in the study area to interpret the depositional environments and hydrocarbon prospectivity of the studied interval. A total of 102 ditch-cutting samples were analysed for lithofacies characteristics, foraminiferal assemblages, palynomorph distributions, and geochemical compositions. Lithofacies analysis reveals alternating sandy and shaly intervals, indicative of a transitional to paralic environment associated with deltaic and shallow marine settings. Micropaleontological data highlight the dominance of benthic foraminifera, including <em>Uvigerina subperegrina</em> and <em>Lenticulina grandis</em>, supporting shallow marine depositional conditions with intermittent marine incursions. Palynological results reveal a humid tropical paleoclimate, characterised by mangrove pollen such as <em>Zonocostites ramonae</em> and <em>Acrostichum aureum</em>, contributing to organic-rich sediments. Chemostratigraphic analysis indicates high SiO₂ concentrations (up to 90.4 %) in sandy intervals, suggesting high-energy depositional settings, while elevated trace elements in shales reflect low-energy, reducing conditions. These findings reflect the interplay of climatic oscillations, tectonics, and sea-level fluctuations in shaping the stratigraphy and hydrocarbon systems of the study area. The results demonstrate a favourable petroleum system characterised by organic-rich source rocks, high-quality reservoirs, and effective traps, enhancing the hydrocarbon prospectivity of the Agbada Formation in the NS-2 well in the study area of the basin.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101084,"journal":{"name":"Results in Earth Sciences","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144572532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}