{"title":"The efficiency of resource recovery from solid waste","authors":"David C. Wilson","doi":"10.1016/0304-3967(79)90012-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0304-3967(79)90012-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Economics does not always adequately reflect the scarcity of physical resources. The contribution which resource recovery from waste makes to the conservation of energy and materials may be measured conveniently by its implications for primary energy use. Process energy analysis is applied to evaluate both the primary energy inputs to an option for waste disposal, treatment or resource recovery, and the savings implied by the use of recovered fuel and material products. The results are expressed as two self-consistent measures of net energy efficiency, differing in whether or not savings from materials recovery are included. The techniques are demonstrated by a case study of some thirty representative options, using the best information available. The results suggest that the use of pulverised waste directly as a fuel is particularly efficient, followed by production of various solid refuse-derived fuels. Options based on incineration or pyrolysis are currently uncompetitive from either a resource conservation or an economic point of view. The energy specific investment in producing a refuse derived fuel is shown to be comparable to that in oil from the North Sea.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101078,"journal":{"name":"Resource Recovery and Conservation","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 161-188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0304-3967(79)90012-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80494210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Biomethanation of Minnesota reed sedge peat","authors":"Sambhunath Ghosh, Donald L. Klass","doi":"10.1016/0304-3967(79)90010-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0304-3967(79)90010-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The high moisture content of peat, the occurrence in peat of large concentrations of fermentable organics of plant origin, the use of hydraulic peat mining techniques, and the possibility of recycling digested peat residue to the peat bogs are factors that support the position that biological gasification methods can be effectively utilized. Chemical characterization work indicated that peat is rich in organic matter, has all the essential elements needed for biological gasification, and should, in theory, be digestible. However, the chemical analyses also point to three possible impediments to vigorous digestion of peat: (1) The presence in peat of large concentrations of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and other complex substances of low biodegradabilities; (2) The nonavailability of such essential elements as nitrogen, phosphorus, etc., that are mostly organically bound; and (3) The toxicities arising because of nitrates and other inhibitors.</p><p>The work reported here consisted of exploratory digestion runs designed to study the effects of such factors as digestion mode, inoculum source, temperature, loading, detention time, feed particle size, and chemical pretreatment on peat digester gas yield, production rate, and gas quality. Work with Minnesota Reed Sedge Peat showed that it could be digested in both batch and continuous modes with or without external nutrient additions. A thermophilic temperature of 55°C effected higher gas yields than other mesophilic or thermophilic test temperatures. A thermophilic (55°C) methane yield of 0.14 std m<sup>3</sup>/kg (2.2 SCF/lb) VS (volatile solids) added was obtained with raw as-received peat during batch digestion for about 86 days, compared with a methane yield of 0.11 std m<sup>3</sup>/kg (1.7 SCF/lb) VS added observed during semicontinuous thermophilic (55°C digestion at a 60-day detention time and 0.80 kg VS/m<sup>3</sup>-day (0.05 lb VS/ft<sup>3</sup>-day) loading. Subsequent batch digestion showed that particle size reduction and acid or alkali treatment could cause a three fold increase in methane production over that obtained with raw untreated peat. This suggests that a methane yield of up to 0.31 std m<sup>3</sup>/kg (5 SCF/lb) VS added — which is about 60% of the maximum theoretical yield — may be obtained by optimizing the digestion and feed pretreatment conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101078,"journal":{"name":"Resource Recovery and Conservation","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 115-139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0304-3967(79)90010-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91366666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Quality control in resource recovery","authors":"Robert M. Eastman","doi":"10.1016/0304-3967(79)90013-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0304-3967(79)90013-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Statistical quality control of the output of a resource recovery plant was investigated. The principles and uses of quality control charts for this application are presented and procedures for starting a quality control program are discussed. Quality control is a tool to help the resource recovery plant manager meet specifications necessary to market the output. As examples, samples of shredded waste and aluminum-can waste were taken at the pilot plant of the National Center for Resource Recovery, Inc. These were analyzed for weight, density, and content of pickable contaminants. Control chart examples are drawn using the data.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101078,"journal":{"name":"Resource Recovery and Conservation","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 189-201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0304-3967(79)90013-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78636948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Atmospheric corrosion of steels prepared from the magnetic fraction of urban refuse","authors":"S.D. Cramer, J.P. Carter, B.S. Covino Jr.","doi":"10.1016/0304-3967(79)90011-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0304-3967(79)90011-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The magnetic fraction of urban refuse was used as melting stock in the preparation of a high-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) steel and a carbon steel. Product steels were made from incinerated steel can scrap, nonincinerated-nondetinned steel can scrap, nonincinerated-detinned steel can scrap, and dilutions of these scraps with No. 1 heavy melting scrap. In continuing tests, 101.6 x 152.4 x 3.2 mm panels of the product steels were exposed to industrial, rural, and marine environments to determine their atmospheric corrosion properties. Panels of the respective commercial steels were exposed at the same time to establish baseline data for the test sites.</p><p>Weight-loss data are reported for atmospheric exposures of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 3.8 years. The marine environment was the most corrosive; the industrial environment was the least corrosive. The atmospheric corrosion resistance of the carbon steel was improved 25% by using incinerated scrap and nonincinerated-nondetinned scrap in the steelmaking process. In no case was the atmospheric corrosion resistance of the carbon steel degraded by using the magnetic fraction of urban refuse as melting stock.</p><p>The residual elements responsible for improving the corrosion resistance of the carbon steel were identified as tin and copper. At the levels present in the product steels, chromium, nickel, and lead had no observable effect on the corrosion resistance of either the HSLA steel or the carbon steel.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101078,"journal":{"name":"Resource Recovery and Conservation","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 141-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0304-3967(79)90011-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81368580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A system for the utilization of agricultural wastes in an agro-industrial settlement-kibbutz as a model","authors":"I. Rousseau, G. Shelef, U. Marchaim","doi":"10.1016/0304-3967(79)90037-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0304-3967(79)90037-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The kibbutz, with its unique characteristics of a communal agricultural-industrial settlement, can provide an in situ model to examine problems involved in agricultural wastes management. A scheme is presented where the kibbutz, a producer of large quantities of agricultural, domestic and agro-industrial wastes, can utilize these wastes to reduce environmental problems, generate energy (as biogas) and use the residue as feedstuff or as raw materials for industry. The paper describes and evaluates the quantities and sources of agricultural wastes and their content of organic material in Israel. Conversion of these quantities of agricultural wastes into fuel can arithmetically produce 2.12 × 10<sup>16</sup>joules (J) annually, presenting about 10% of Israel's present annual energy requirement. The average energy available for an individual kibbutz, based on these data, is 3.8 × 10<sup>13</sup> J per year. A survey of the annual consumption of energy (fuel oil and electricity) in ten kibbutzim have shown that a kibbutz with a population of 1000 people consumes about 3.18 × 10<sup>13</sup> J per year.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101078,"journal":{"name":"Resource Recovery and Conservation","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 59-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0304-3967(79)90037-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82811964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Quantity and composition of pulp and paper mill primary sludges","authors":"Thomas W. Joyce, Arthur A. Webb, H.S. Dugal","doi":"10.1016/0304-3967(79)90040-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3967(79)90040-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101078,"journal":{"name":"Resource Recovery and Conservation","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 99-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0304-3967(79)90040-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92148001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Preservation of cereal grains in nitrogen atmospheres","authors":"J. Shejbal","doi":"10.1016/0304-3967(79)90034-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0304-3967(79)90034-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The disinfestation of cereal grains by means of inert atmospheres is the simplest and least costly physical method to be used as an alternative to chemical treatments in temperate and hot climate zones. For the purpose of replacing the interstitial atmosphere of gas-tight storage bins, nitrogen is particularly suitable, as it is biologically inert and easily available on the market both in gaseous and liquid form. It can be utilized for short fumigations (approx. 20 days) and for the protracted storage of dry (years) and of medium to high moisture content cereals (months), since in the presence of low residual concentrations of oxygen (< 0.3%) the proliferation of moulds is significantly retarded.</p><p>This paper describes some of the storage experiments carried out with cereals in technical (O<sub>2</sub> ≤0.5%) and pure nitrogen. The results of soft wheat at low (< 14.5%), medium (16%) and high (17–18%) moisture content as well as of hard wheat preservation, attest the safety of the method and point out its advantages as compared with storage in air. The economics of the storage technique in nitrogen are advantageous, the operating costs being significantly lower than those of traditional storage methods, based on chemical insecticidal treatments or refrigeration.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101078,"journal":{"name":"Resource Recovery and Conservation","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 13-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0304-3967(79)90034-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86113793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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