{"title":"The radiation-induced graft copolymerisation of styrene/maleic anhydride and maleic anhydride/vinyl acetate onto cellulose","authors":"C.G. Beddows, M.H. Gil, J.T. Guthrie","doi":"10.1016/0144-2880(86)90028-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0144-2880(86)90028-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The grafting of styrene/maleic anhydride and maleic anhydride/vinyl acetate onto cellulose from mixed monomer compositions has been studied as a preliminary to the use of the resulting graft copolymers in enzyme immobilisation studies. Grafting has been shown to be effectively non-steady state in character. Attempts have been made to determine initial rates for the grafting reaction so that various dependencies can be ascertained. Values for <span><math><mtext>k</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>2</mn></msup><msub><mi></mi><mn>p</mn></msub><mtext>k</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>t</mn></msub></math></span> have been determined along with the corresponding mean kinetic chain length values. These increase markedly with increase in the bulk concentrations of the monomers used in these combinations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101036,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Photochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0144-2880(86)90028-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77530532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Processing, structure and properties of block copolymers","authors":"T.J. Henman","doi":"10.1016/0144-2880(86)90043-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0144-2880(86)90043-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101036,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Photochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0144-2880(86)90043-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81167463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dye-sensitized photopolymerization: II—Photopolymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated by a Crystal Violet-ascorbic acid system in aqueous solution","authors":"Subasini Lenka, Padma L. Nayak, Indu B. Mohanty","doi":"10.1016/0144-2880(86)90038-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0144-2880(86)90038-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The dye-sensitized photopolymerization of methyl methacrylate by a Crystal Violet-ascorbic acid system in aqueous solution was investigated. The systems were buffered with phosphate buffer and the effects of monomer, dye, temperature, buffer and ascorbic acid on the reaction system were studied. The rate of polymerization was measured gravimetrically and a suitable kinetic scheme has been proposed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101036,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Photochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0144-2880(86)90038-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91681443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Colour difference analysis of lightfastness for some vat dyes","authors":"S. Shakra, Moustafa Ibrahim, A.B. Amera","doi":"10.1016/0144-2880(86)90040-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0144-2880(86)90040-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fourteen vat dyes from a commercial source were used in this investigation. Their lightfastness was measured by (a) the Blue Scale, (b) the CIE system, and (c) the Hunter L,a,b scale.</p><p>From the results obtained, it was found that the Hunter L,a,b scale was easier for evaluating the lightfastness than the CIE system; for individual colours ΔA and ΔE were preferred for measuring the lightfastness, and for different colours ΔL and ΔC were preferred.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101036,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Photochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0144-2880(86)90040-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91750144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recent advances in liquid crystalline polymers","authors":"Jan F. Rabek","doi":"10.1016/0144-2880(86)90041-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0144-2880(86)90041-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101036,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Photochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0144-2880(86)90041-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91750145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Polymer photophysics. Luminescence, energy migration and molecular motion in synthetic polymers","authors":"Norman S. Allen","doi":"10.1016/0144-2880(86)90059-X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0144-2880(86)90059-X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101036,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Photochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0144-2880(86)90059-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92114456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Synthesis and photochemical properties of poly(1-(4-carboethoxyphenyl)-2-propen-1-one)","authors":"Ivan Lukáč, Pavol Hrdlovič, James E. Guillet","doi":"10.1016/0144-2880(86)90024-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0144-2880(86)90024-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>New light-sensitive polymer, poly(1-(4-carboethoxyphenyl)-2-propen-1-one), <span><math><mtext>M</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>w</mn></msub><mtext> = 1·3 × 10</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>6</mn></msup></math></span> Dalton, <span><math><mtext>M</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>w</mn></msub><mtext>M</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>n</mn></msub><mtext> = 2·6</mtext></math></span>, was prepared. On the basis of fractions prepared by photolysis, Mark-Houwink coefficients (<em>α</em>=0·79 ± 0·02 and K=(2·41 ± 1·4) × 10<sup>−3</sup>) were determined in chlorobenzene at 25°C employing low-angle laser light scattering and automatic viscometry. Quantum yield of main chain scissions (The Norrish Type II Reaction) was 0·45 in benzene solution under 366 nm radiation at room temperature. The Stern-Volmer constant for quenching of photolysis by naphthalene in benzene was 171 mol<sup>−1</sup> and 63 mol<sup>−1</sup> by 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene in chloroform. The OO band of phosphorescence (438 nm) of the polyketone prepared was bathochromically shifted in comparison with poly(1-phenyl-2-propen-1-one), <em>λ</em><sub><em>max</em>•</sub> = 409 nm. The transient spectrum measured by laser flash photolysis exhibited a maximum at 350 nm with a lifetime of 150 ns. The bimolecular quenching rate constant (k<sub>q</sub>) for 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene in chloroform was 5·57 × 10<sup>8</sup> dm<sup>3</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>. This value agrees well with k<sub><em>q</em></sub> = 4·2 × 10<sup>8</sup> dm<sup>3</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>. based on the Stern-Volmer constant of photolysis quenching and lifetime estimated by laser flash photolysis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101036,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Photochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0144-2880(86)90024-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84823801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Photopolymerization of acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate induced by triphenylamine","authors":"Hitoshi Kubota, Yoshitaka Ogiwara","doi":"10.1016/0144-2880(86)90047-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0144-2880(86)90047-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The photopolymerization of acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate in the presence of triphenylamine (TPA) has been performed at 30°C in N,N-dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide under irradiation with light of <em>λ</em> > 300 nm. TPA proved to be very effective for the polymerization of both monomers. An apparent activation energy of 4·3 kcal/mol was recorded for the photopolymerization of acrylonitrile. Equations of polymerization derived from a kinetic study were as follows: <span><span><span><math><mtext>Rate of polymerization=K[TPA]</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn><mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext></mn></msup><mtext>[Monomer]</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>1·0</mn></msup></math></span></span></span><span><span><span><math><mtext>Degree of polymerization=K′[TPA]</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn><mtext>−</mtext><mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext></mn></msup><mtext>[Monomer]</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>1·0</mn></msup></math></span></span></span> From the UV spectrum of photoirradiated TPA in N,N-dimethylformamide solution, the formation of N,N-diphenylamine and aniline was observed, in which the photodecomposition of TPA might result.</p><p>Based on these results, it was suggested that radicals formed in the process of photodecomposition of TPA are responsible for the initiation of the photopolymerization, which proceeds through an ordinary mechanism of radical polymerization.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101036,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Photochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0144-2880(86)90047-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89365045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Integration of fundamental polymer science and technology","authors":"N.S. Allen","doi":"10.1016/0144-2880(86)90021-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0144-2880(86)90021-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101036,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Photochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0144-2880(86)90021-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"94931158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elisabeth Fanton , Bernard Pellereau , René Arnaud , Jacques Lemaire
{"title":"Octene-1 linear low density polyethylene photooxidation","authors":"Elisabeth Fanton , Bernard Pellereau , René Arnaud , Jacques Lemaire","doi":"10.1016/0144-2880(85)90042-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0144-2880(85)90042-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Low-temperature thermooxidation and photooxidation at long wavelengths (<em>λ</em> > 300 nm) of octene-1 linear low density polyethylene have been examined. It is shown that both oxidations proceed according to mechanisms which are very similar to those thought to occur in free radical low density polyethylene presenting a low content of vinylidene unsaturation. Hydroperoxidation in the α-position to the vinylidene groups gives rise to isolated hydroperoxide groups that absorb at 3550 cm<sup>−1</sup> and are stable at 85°C. A parallel hydroperoxidation occurs on the saturated chain affording hydrogen-bonded hydroperoxides which are fairly unstable at 85°C. In photooxidation at long wavelengths both hydroperoxides are produced and readily photolysed. Variations in the number of branch points which provoke large variations in density have no significant influence on the photooxidation rate.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101036,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Photochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0144-2880(85)90042-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81606101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}