Oil and Chemical Pollution最新文献

{"title":"Effects of crude oil applications to soil on the growth and yield of maize, okro and cassava in Nigeria","authors":"K. Zuofa,&nbsp;P. Loganathan,&nbsp;N.O. Isirimah","doi":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80001-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80001-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The effects of different doses (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 litres/m²) of crude oil applications to soil on the growth and yield of maize, okro and cassava as well as on soil properties were investigated in two field experiments with mixed croppings (maize/okro and maize/cassava) in an acidic sandy loam soil at Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Crude oil applications above 2 litres/m² significantly affected crop germination, plant height and yield of maize and okro but not of cassava. Weed population in all the plots decreased significantly with increase in oil doses. Oil application slightly increased organic matter content, pHand total nitrogen content in the soils.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100982,"journal":{"name":"Oil and Chemical Pollution","volume":"4 4","pages":"Pages 249-259"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80001-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87961129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methods for predicting the physical changes in oil spilt at sea","authors":"Ian Buchanan,&nbsp;Neil Hurford","doi":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80004-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80004-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recently developed mathematical expressions describing oil slick behaviour have been compared with data obtained from various experimental oil spills. The report presents the equations used and shows how the results from some sixteen different spills compare with the predictions. These comparisons have shown that the algorithms generally give good predictions of behaviour. The models require detailed oil property data, particularly asphaltene contents, distillation data and density-composition relationships. Fortunately, such information is now readily available for a wide range of crude oils.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100982,"journal":{"name":"Oil and Chemical Pollution","volume":"4 4","pages":"Pages 311-328"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80004-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78655946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental factors influencing oil penetration and persistence in fine sediment tidal flats","authors":"J.H. Vandermeulen,&nbsp;J. Harper,&nbsp;B. Humphrey","doi":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80018-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80018-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Physical and sedimentological parameters determining the retention and penetration of oil slicks into fine sediments were examined experimentally in natural and reconstituted cores, in a simulated tidal system. Fifty-three undisturbed sediment cores (1 m, 6·7cm diameter, i.d.) were collected from two intertidal sites — fine sand tidal flat (Patricia Bay, Vancouver Island; mean grain size 152 ± 29 μm (<em>n</em> = 15); permeability 0·124 cm min⁻¹) and a coarser sediment beach (Island View Beach, Vancouver Island; mean grain size 280 ± 142 μm (<em>n</em> = 3); permeability 0·435 cm min⁻¹). Thirty-three were used for oiling studies, 20 for granulometric determinations. A further 12 reconstituted cores were prepared from mixtures of Patricia Bay and Island View Beach sediments with fine clay added, to yield an overall range of mean sediment grain size (132 to 287 pm), mud content (0·35 to 4·7%), and permeability (0·0035 to 0·44 cm min⁻¹).</p><p>Known amounts of an experimentally weathered heavy oil (Alberta Sweet Mixed Blend) were layered onto water standing over the sediment cores during a simulated flood period, and during simulated ebb were brought into contact with the core surfaces, where the oil layer was left in contact for varying tidal periods. Quantitative and qualitative measurements were made on gross oil fate, penetration of oil into core sediments, and weathering, using a combination of infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography. Also investigated were the influence on oil penetration of sediment grain size, percentage mud content, and duration of tidal submersion.</p><p>Oil loading experiments with surface slicks of different thicknesses (0·5–10 mm) showed that increasing thicknesses of surface-applied oil resulted directly in increasing concentrations of hydrocarbons in the sediments. However, 96 to 100% of the oil was found primarily in the top 2 cm, with little penetration below 2 cm in fine sand cores when exposed to simulated tidal incursions.</p><p>Both penetration and hydrocarbon concentrations within the contaminated sediments varied inversely with mud content as index offineness. Penetration, in these well-sorted fine sand sediments, became increasingly less at a mud concentration of &gt;2%. For the sediment types used here, the relationship between hydrocarbon penetration and mud content was described by the function log hydrocarbon concentration (mg kg m⁻¹) = 5·04 − 0·426 (% mud) (r = −0·97). Penetration was also influenced by tidal emergence, as indicated in experiments with different tidal regimes. The relationship was consistent. Thus, both penetration and subsurface hydrocarbon concentrations were considerably higher in sediments that were tidally exposed for 57% or longer of the tidal cycle, while submergence for 33% or longer of the tidal cycle resulted in much lower oil penetration and contamination.</p><p>These observations indicate that slightly muddy tidal flat ","PeriodicalId":100982,"journal":{"name":"Oil and Chemical Pollution","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 155-177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80018-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72656043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment of oil-in-water emulsions using peat","authors":"T. Viraraghavan,&nbsp;G.N. Mathavan","doi":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80002-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80002-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Besides being plentiful and relatively cheap, peat offers itself as an excellent medium for treating oil-in-water emulsions. Laboratory batch and column studies were conducted to assess the potential of Saskatchewan horticultural peat for treating various oil-in-water emulsions. A series of batch studies were conducted to identify the equilibrium time and the isotherm pattern.</p><p>Based on the excellent adsorption potential exhibited by peat in the batch studies, preliminary column studies were undertaken to study the performance of peat under dynamic conditions. Percentage removals of oil ranging from 90 to 99 were observed depending upon the type of oil-in-water emulsions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100982,"journal":{"name":"Oil and Chemical Pollution","volume":"4 4","pages":"Pages 261-280"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80002-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75017515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"","authors":"D. Cormack","doi":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80022-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80022-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100982,"journal":{"name":"Oil and Chemical Pollution","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 243-245"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80022-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73818252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"","authors":"D. Cormack","doi":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80023-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80023-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100982,"journal":{"name":"Oil and Chemical Pollution","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 245-247"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80023-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92792748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to hazardous materials lost to the sea: The current position","authors":"D. Cormack","doi":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80008-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80008-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hazardous materials may be lost to the sea through damage to bulk chemical tank ships; when cargo is spilled free into the marine environment, when intact packages of such materials, generally carried as deck cargo, are lost to the sea from ships, or when such packages remain aboard sunken ships. This paper compares and contrasts bulk oil and chemical spillage, identifies the salient features controlling the fate of spilled chemicals which in turn define the nature of the response requirements and describes responses now available and under consideration. It goes on to propose criteria for allocation of packaged hazardous materials into three search and recovery categories as a basis for deciding on choice of response at sea in specific cases involving the lost packages and describes the procedure for dealing with any such packages washed ashore.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100982,"journal":{"name":"Oil and Chemical Pollution","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 21-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80008-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91549617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Di- and triaromatic hydrocarbons in fish liver from the North Sea: Multivariate and statistical analysis","authors":"N.B. Vogt,&nbsp;N.B. Davidsen,&nbsp;C.E. Sjoegren","doi":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80021-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80021-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Multivariate classification and comparison using principal component analysis and cluster analysis together with statistical analysis using onefactor ANOVA has been made on the alkylhomologue distribution (AHD) of naphthalene, dibenzothiophene and phenanthrene/anthracene (NPD) patterns in 32 fish liver samples. Nineteen samples have been taken from fish caught close to three oil drilling platforms (&lt; 250 m) and 13 from fish caught at reference stations (&gt; 10 000 m). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the a priori defined types of samples and on subsets of the total dataset show that there is a systematic difference in the pattern of naphthalenes in fish liver samples caught close to oil platforms and those caught at reference stations. Statistical analysis using ANOVA on each individual variable supports the multivariate interpretation. It is not possible to distinguish between the sets of platform samples from the different surveys. This suggests that the pattern of NPDs in fish liver does not depend on what type of drillmud is discharged from the platform and that there are only small differences in the analytical procedures between surveys. The results show that the livers of migratory fish caught close to oil platforms contain increased amounts of naphthalenes whereas the three-ring aromatic and the sulphur aromatic compounds are not accumulated significantly in the liver.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100982,"journal":{"name":"Oil and Chemical Pollution","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 217-242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80021-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77559145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A state-of-the-art review of oil spill trajectory and fate modeling","authors":"Malcolm L. Spaulding","doi":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80009-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80009-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A state-of-the-art review of numerical oil spill trajectory and fate modeling is presented to include advection, spreading, evaporation, dissolution, dispersion, emulsification, biodegradation and sedimentation. This paper represents an update of earlier reviews by <span>Stolzenbach et aL (1977)</span>, <span>Huang &amp; Monastero (1982)</span>, and <span>Huang (1983)</span> and hence concentrates on recent advances. Particular attention isfocused on the dispersion of oil from the sea surface and its influence on spreading, the role of environmental data (currents, wind, temperature, ice conditions) used as input to the model, and the interaction of oil with a variety of shoreline types. Consideration is also given to oil behavior in Arctic environments where oil-ice interactions are important. Brief discussions of the linking of oil spill models with other models to assess environmental impact and the use of oil spill models as the core of an expert system are presented. The review concludes with a list of research needed to advance our ability to model the trajectory andfate of oil and trends in oil spill model development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100982,"journal":{"name":"Oil and Chemical Pollution","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 39-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80009-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85286523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural dispersion of oil","authors":"G.A.L. Delvigne,&nbsp;C.E. Sweeney","doi":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80003-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80003-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Laboratory investigations were performed on the natural dispersion of surface and submerged oil. Surface oil broke up into droplets and penetrated the water column due to the effect of breaking waves. Submerged oil parcels (submerged spill) broke up into droplets due to turbulence in the ambient water. The experiments on surface oil dispersion led to the following quantitative relations:</p><ul><li><span>a)</span><span><p>an empirical relation for the oil entrainment rate (dispersed oil mass per unit time), as a function of the oil type, oil layer thickness, breaking-wave energy and temperature;</p></span></li><li><span>b)</span><span><p>the droplet size distribution as a function of the above parameters;</p></span></li><li><span>c)</span><span><p>the intrusion depth of oil droplets related to the wave height.</p></span></li></ul><p>The experiments with submerged oil resulted in relations for the droplet size distribution in dependence of various parameters. The empirical relations are applicable in mathematical models for calculation of natural dispersion of oil in the sea, with given hydrodynamic conditions and breaking wave statistics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100982,"journal":{"name":"Oil and Chemical Pollution","volume":"4 4","pages":"Pages 281-310"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80003-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88669661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}