MetallographyPub Date : 1988-08-01DOI: 10.1016/0026-0800(88)90029-8
Richard Duke, Po-Shou Chen, R. Wilcox
{"title":"Effects of thermal aging on 12Cr-1Mo steel","authors":"Richard Duke, Po-Shou Chen, R. Wilcox","doi":"10.1016/0026-0800(88)90029-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0800(88)90029-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100918,"journal":{"name":"Metallography","volume":"44 1","pages":"347-358"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80173445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MetallographyPub Date : 1988-08-01DOI: 10.1016/0026-0800(88)90028-6
George F Vander Voort
{"title":"Influence of magnification on feature-specific image analysis measurements","authors":"George F Vander Voort","doi":"10.1016/0026-0800(88)90028-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0800(88)90028-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Feature-specific measurements of test circles of known size were conducted at different magnifications using a stored image of the detected circles (256 × 256 picture points within the guard frame). Measurement of the diameter and perimeter of calibrated test circles with different objectives has demonstrated that the diameter and perimeter can be measured within an accuracy of ±2% of the true value if the particular circle is magnified to such an extent that it is 15 mm or greater in diameter on the screen. Measurement of the areas of these circles has demonstrated that the area can be measured within an accuracy of ±4% of the true value if the circle is magnified to such an extent that it is 20 mm or greater in diameter on the screen. Repeat measurements have shown that precisions greater than these (±2% for the diameter and perimeter and ±4% for the area) should not be expected. Although a 2 % error in the diameter corresponds to a 4 percent error in the area, the minimum critical sizes for the circle on the screen were not the same.</p><p>The effect of erosion and dilation procedures varied substantially with magnification. As expected, erosions and dilations have a greater influence on the measured area than the measured diameter or perimeter. The magnitude of the shift in area, diameter, and perimeter was greater for erosions than for dilations.</p><p>Measurements of the area and lengths of a large number of similar-sized squares revealed the same trends regarding the influence of the size of the square on the screen and the measurement accuracy. While the mean values for the area and length were essentially identical using × 16, × 32 and × 50 objectives, accurate definition of the dispersion of the area and length data required use of the × 50 objective for the length and either the × 32 or × 50 objective for the area, with preference for the latter.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100918,"journal":{"name":"Metallography","volume":"21 3","pages":"Pages 327-345"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0026-0800(88)90028-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91724315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MetallographyPub Date : 1988-08-01DOI: 10.1016/0026-0800(88)90026-2
Xianying Meng, Derek O Northwood
{"title":"A TEM study of precipitates in an Al-Mn-Si alloy","authors":"Xianying Meng, Derek O Northwood","doi":"10.1016/0026-0800(88)90026-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0800(88)90026-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Two types of intermetallic precipitates were found in aluminum alloy 3003 creep tested at 300°C. These precipitates are an Al<sub>12</sub>(MnFeCu)<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>2</sub> precipitate having a simple cubic structure with <em>a</em> = 1.2556 nm and an Al<sub>6</sub>Mn-type precipitate with an orthorhombic structure with <em>a</em> = 0.6506 nm, <em>b</em> = 0.7501 nm, and <em>c</em> = 0.8800 nm. High resolution lattice imaging indicated the presence of a number of defect structures in the polycrystalline Al<sub>12</sub>(MnFeCu)<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>2</sub> precipitates.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100918,"journal":{"name":"Metallography","volume":"21 3","pages":"Pages 293-315"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0026-0800(88)90026-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91599702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MetallographyPub Date : 1988-08-01DOI: 10.1016/0026-0800(88)90025-0
M. Nishida, C. M. Wayman, A. Chiba
{"title":"Electron microscopy studies of the martensitic transformation in an aged Ti-51at%Ni shape memory alloy","authors":"M. Nishida, C. M. Wayman, A. Chiba","doi":"10.1016/0026-0800(88)90025-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0800(88)90025-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100918,"journal":{"name":"Metallography","volume":"27 1","pages":"275-291"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83808983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MetallographyPub Date : 1988-08-01DOI: 10.1016/0026-0800(88)90023-7
A. Gokhale
{"title":"Stereology of plane convex loops distributed in the three-dimensional microstructure","authors":"A. Gokhale","doi":"10.1016/0026-0800(88)90023-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0800(88)90023-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100918,"journal":{"name":"Metallography","volume":"32 1","pages":"241-253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89615386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Novel method for studying the complex microstructure of a Sm(Co/Fe/Cu/Zr)7.3 permanent magnet alloy","authors":"T.S. Chin, K.S. Ho, W.T. Tsai, R.D. Chang, D.S. Tsai, Y.H. Chang","doi":"10.1016/0026-0800(88)90011-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0800(88)90011-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A novel and simple method is proposed for investigating the complex microstructure of a Sm(Co/Fe/Cu/Zr)<sub>7.3</sub> permanent magnet alloy. It makes use of potentiostatic etching in concentrated orthophosphoric acid at specific potentials to reveal the platelet, zonal, and/or grain boundary phases so that they can be viewed by conventional scanning electron microscopy. The whole procedure can be accomplished within a short period of time, no sophisticated techniques are involved, and bulk specimens up to several cm in diameter can be examined. Details of the etching technique are described and scanning electron micrographs are compared with transmission electron micrographs from the same specimen.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100918,"journal":{"name":"Metallography","volume":"21 2","pages":"Pages 125-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0026-0800(88)90011-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72246717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MetallographyPub Date : 1988-05-01DOI: 10.1016/0026-0800(88)90015-8
Jyothi Menon, C. Suryanarayana
{"title":"Metallography of a melt-quenched aluminum-cobalt alloy","authors":"Jyothi Menon, C. Suryanarayana","doi":"10.1016/0026-0800(88)90015-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0800(88)90015-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Rapid quenching from the melt of an Al-5 wt.% Co alloy has resulted in the formation of a supersaturated solid solution at very high cooling rates as obtained in the gun technique. With decreasing cooling rate (and increasing thickness of the specimen), e.g., in melt-spun condition, a variety of microstructures has been produced consisting of fine dendritic patterns, cellular-dendritic structures, and precipitation of coarse intermetallic particles. Two metastable phases have also been detected—one with a bcc structure and a = 0.286 nm corresponding to β-AlCo, and the other having an fcc structure with a lattice parameter a = 0.52 nm. Electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and x-ray microanalysis have been extensively employed to fully characterize the phases present in the melt-quenched alloy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100918,"journal":{"name":"Metallography","volume":"21 2","pages":"Pages 179-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0026-0800(88)90015-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72246718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MetallographyPub Date : 1988-05-01DOI: 10.1016/0026-0800(88)90014-6
M.N.C. Ijomah , F.N. Okoyeh
{"title":"Microstructure and deformation resistance of quinary Pb-(Al, Mg, Sn, Li) alloys","authors":"M.N.C. Ijomah , F.N. Okoyeh","doi":"10.1016/0026-0800(88)90014-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0026-0800(88)90014-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The structure and deformation resistance of some quinary Pb-(Al, Mg, Sn, Li) alloys were investigated. The respective alloys were originally cast and analyzed spectrographically prior to testing. Specimens were metallographically prepared and appropriate microstructures were evaluated. Deformation was by extrusion through a series of circular dies.</p><p>It was found that a strong trend or correlation existed between the alloy structure and the deformation behavior, both of which depended directly on alloying concentration. The implications on the mechanical and corrosion behavior were highlighted. These findings were supported with optical and electron microscopy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100918,"journal":{"name":"Metallography","volume":"21 2","pages":"Pages 165-178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0026-0800(88)90014-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85075712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MetallographyPub Date : 1988-05-01DOI: 10.1016/0026-0800(88)90011-0
T. Chin, K. S. Ho, W. T. Tsai, R. D. Chang, D. Tsai, Y. H. Chang
{"title":"Novel method for studying the complex microstructure of a Sm(Co/Fe/Cu/Zr)7.3 permanent magnet alloy","authors":"T. Chin, K. S. Ho, W. T. Tsai, R. D. Chang, D. Tsai, Y. H. Chang","doi":"10.1016/0026-0800(88)90011-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0800(88)90011-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100918,"journal":{"name":"Metallography","volume":"177 1","pages":"125-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77047808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}