{"title":"The effect of size and productivity on borrowing discouragement for small firms in Colombia","authors":"Oscar Jaulín-Méndez","doi":"10.1016/j.latcb.2022.100077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.latcb.2022.100077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>I estimate the effect micro firms’ size and productivity have on the probability of becoming a discouraged borrower: firms that do not use credit from the formal financial system despite needing it. I also estimate the effect that size and productivity have on the probability of becoming accepted in the event of a formal credit request. Using a trivariate probit model that corrects for selection biases, I find that productivity and size (number of employees) reduce the likelihood of becoming discouraged. Both variables are related to a higher probability of being accepted in formal credit requests.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100867,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Central Banking","volume":"3 4","pages":"Article 100077"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266614382200031X/pdfft?md5=1888de603bfd57d599bd2fcd82b60f77&pid=1-s2.0-S266614382200031X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72225455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Asymmetric interest rate transmission in an inflation-targeting framework: The case of Colombia","authors":"Arturo J. Galindo , Roberto Steiner","doi":"10.1016/j.latcb.2022.100069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.latcb.2022.100069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>After adopting an inflation targeting framework for monetary policy at the turn of the twenty-first century, Banco de la República, the Central Bank of Colombia, started actively using the monetary policy interest rate as its key policy tool. This paper examines the interest rate pass-through from the monetary policy rate to the retail rates in Colombia and explores asymmetries in the adjustment process within the framework of a nonlinear version of the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and the non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) models developed by Shin, Yo, and Greenwood-Nimmo (2014). The findings show that the policy rate plays a key role in determining deposit and lending retail rates, but the nature of the pass-through varies across different types of products. In the case of lending rates, the pass-through is nearly complete and takes around 12 months to be nearly complete. The results capture an asymmetric pass-through in deposit rates—i.e., greater when the policy rate is increased than when it is reduced—and an upward rigidity in the lending rates of consumer and ordinary corporate loans, implying that major retail lending rates respond more to policy rate cuts than to hikes, indicating that financial intermediaries are more reluctant to raise interest rates than to decrease them following policy adjustments. Results are robust to the inclusion of additional regressors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100867,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Central Banking","volume":"3 3","pages":"Article 100069"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666143822000230/pdfft?md5=2863bc25ef17d301ec0ae81d9f8026b3&pid=1-s2.0-S2666143822000230-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137255692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Erratum regarding missing Declaration of Competing Interest statements in previously published articles","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.latcb.2022.100058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.latcb.2022.100058","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100867,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Central Banking","volume":"3 3","pages":"Article 100058"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666143822000138/pdfft?md5=5b2006d34e11e0bb64d94771fe30f16b&pid=1-s2.0-S2666143822000138-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137255690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pedro Elosegui , Federico D. Forte , Gabriel Montes-Rojas
{"title":"Network structure and fragmentation of the Argentinean interbank markets","authors":"Pedro Elosegui , Federico D. Forte , Gabriel Montes-Rojas","doi":"10.1016/j.latcb.2022.100066","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.latcb.2022.100066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper studies the network structure and fragmentation of the Argentinean interbank market. The unsecured (CALL) and secured (REPO) markets are examined, applying complex network analysis. Results indicate that although the secured market has fewer participants, its nodes are more densely connected than the ones in the unsecured market. The interrelationships in the unsecured market are less stable, making its structure more volatile and vulnerable to negative shocks. The analysis identifies two hidden underlying subnetworks within the REPO market: one based on the transactions collateralized by Treasury bonds (REPO-T) and the other based on the operations collateralized by Central Bank (CB) securities (REPO-CB). The changes in monetary policy stance and monetary conditions seem to have a substantially smaller effect in the former submarket than in the latter one. The connectivity levels within the REPO-T market and its structure remain relatively unaffected by the (occasionally pronounced) swings in the other market segment. Hence, the REPO market shows signs of fragmentation in its inner structure, according to the type of collateral asset involved in the transactions, so the average REPO interest rate reflects the interplay between these two partially fragmented submarkets. The REPO market's mixed structure entails one of the main sources of differentiation with respect to the CALL market.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100867,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Central Banking","volume":"3 3","pages":"Article 100066"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666143822000205/pdfft?md5=4370aab5f7e192b53661da958f85cfb9&pid=1-s2.0-S2666143822000205-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82309167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sergio Restrepo-Ángel , Hernán Rincón-Castro , Juan J. Ospina-Tejeiro
{"title":"Multipliers of taxes and public spending in Colombia: SVAR and local projections approaches","authors":"Sergio Restrepo-Ángel , Hernán Rincón-Castro , Juan J. Ospina-Tejeiro","doi":"10.1016/j.latcb.2022.100070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.latcb.2022.100070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper estimates and analyzes multipliers for tax revenue and public spending for Colombia using structural autoregressive vectors and local projections models. Quarterly series of the central national government between 2000Q1 and 2018Q4 are used. The results show fiscal multipliers that are less than unity when the state of the economy is not considered and a spending multiplier around unity when the economy is in an expansionary phase. The spending multiplier is greater and bigger than one during a contractionary phase, supporting the case for conducting countercyclical fiscal policy in this state. The tax revenue multiplier is negative and much smaller in magnitude than the spending multiplier. The results are robust to different identification schemes and estimation methodologies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100867,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Central Banking","volume":"3 3","pages":"Article 100070"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666143822000242/pdfft?md5=2b0fbada2aa22607a0616cc9e0acafd6&pid=1-s2.0-S2666143822000242-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87021609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Valuating consumer credit portfolios","authors":"Pedro Piccoli","doi":"10.1016/j.latcb.2022.100067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.latcb.2022.100067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper proposes a model that associates borrower credit risk with the cash flow method to assess the economic value of a consumer credit portfolio. A Monte Carlo simulation applying the method to an illustrative loan reveals that the lending standards of the institution, captured in the model by the expected and unexpected losses of the contract according to Basel II Internal Rating-Based Approach, is a key driver of the portfolio's intrinsic value, lending support to the evidence that a bank's credit policy and a bank's valuation are associated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100867,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Central Banking","volume":"3 3","pages":"Article 100067"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666143822000217/pdfft?md5=76c6a9a556a87fefc7d2be03a9afcf26&pid=1-s2.0-S2666143822000217-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137255691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Central Bank Response to COVID-19","authors":"Manuel Ramos-Francia , Santiago García-Verdú","doi":"10.1016/j.latcb.2022.100065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.latcb.2022.100065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The COVID-19 crisis has been, above all, a tragic public health crisis. It has entailed an enormous effort to respond to the demand for health services. In it, fiscal authorities have led the economic policy responses. For their part, central banks responded swiftly by easing their monetary policy stance and implementing facilities to provide liquidity and enable credit in the economy. We discuss key economic issues of the central bank response, in which the monetary authorities have had to account for the crisis’ nature. We argue that the actions taken by central banks in general avoided a further deterioration of financial and economic conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100867,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Central Banking","volume":"3 3","pages":"Article 100065"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666143822000199/pdfft?md5=527c8fb2665a12bf53b3307169abd522&pid=1-s2.0-S2666143822000199-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80223641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matias Ossandon Busch , José Manuel Sánchez-Martínez , Anahí Rodríguez-Martínez , Ricardo Montañez-Enríquez , Serafín Martínez-Jaramillo
{"title":"Growth at risk: Methodology and applications in an open-source platform","authors":"Matias Ossandon Busch , José Manuel Sánchez-Martínez , Anahí Rodríguez-Martínez , Ricardo Montañez-Enríquez , Serafín Martínez-Jaramillo","doi":"10.1016/j.latcb.2022.100068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.latcb.2022.100068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article describes the construction of an open-source growth-at-risk (GaR) model. The model provides a flexible analytical tool for policymakers and researchers aiming to use the GaR approach to characterize the probability density of GDP growth conditional on domestic and international macrofinancial variables. This article, together with its related online repository, aims to foster an understanding of macrofinancial risk factors both in advanced and emerging economies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100867,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Central Banking","volume":"3 3","pages":"Article 100068"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666143822000229/pdfft?md5=d15f80ca0f6d4d5907343f6d6b94643f&pid=1-s2.0-S2666143822000229-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84940978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Constanza Martínez-Ventura, Jorge Ricardo Mariño-Martínez, Javier Miguélez-Márquez
{"title":"Redundancy of Centrality Measures in Financial Market Infrastructures","authors":"Constanza Martínez-Ventura, Jorge Ricardo Mariño-Martínez, Javier Miguélez-Márquez","doi":"10.32468/be.1206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32468/be.1206","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of centrality has been widely used to monitor systems with a network structure because it allows identifying their most influential participants. But this monitoring task can be difficult if the number of system participants is considerably large or if the wide variety of centrality measures currently available produce non-coincident (or mixed) signals. This document uses principal component analysis to evaluate a set of centrality measures calculated for the financial institutions that participate in four financial market infrastructures of Colombia. The results obtained are used to construct general indices of centrality, using the strongest measures of centrality as inputs, and leaving aside those considered redundant.","PeriodicalId":100867,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Central Banking","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83026361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Seven lessons from the e-Peso pilot plan: The possibility of a Central Bank Digital Currency","authors":"Adolfo Sarmiento","doi":"10.1016/j.latcb.2022.100062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.latcb.2022.100062","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The decision to introduce a central bank digital currency (CBDC) is part of the new challenges that central banks are facing as technology keeps moving. The e-Peso pilot plan, implemented between 2017 and 2018, could provide some key findings for central banks. In this sense, we can learn seven lessons from the e-Peso pilot plan: (i) reputation is key for central banks’ decision to introduce a CBDC; (ii) financial inclusion and cultural reasons are the main motivations; (iii) the technological solution as simple as possible; (iv) security aspects and traceable transfers are central for operational risk problems; (v) a token was a good solution for CBDC implementation; (vi) digital money was used for small payments and transfers; and (vii) CBDCs complement the existing means of payment. The conclusions highlight that CBDC choices are based not only on technical considerations but also on the cultural implications money use. The adoption of this new means of payment will be incremental but not reversible.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100867,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Central Banking","volume":"3 2","pages":"Article 100062"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666143822000175/pdfft?md5=4c0ea3f61b79d7c4b6bcace2411b7daa&pid=1-s2.0-S2666143822000175-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91720043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}