Landscape PlanningPub Date : 1985-11-01DOI: 10.1016/0304-3924(85)90007-3
Madhav Gadgil
{"title":"Cultural evolution of ecological prudence","authors":"Madhav Gadgil","doi":"10.1016/0304-3924(85)90007-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3924(85)90007-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Animals often behave in a profligate fashion and decimate the populations of plants and animals they depend upon. They may, however, evolve prudent behaviour under special conditions, namely when such prudence greatly enhances the success of populations that are not too prone to invasions by profligate individuals. Cultural evolution in human societies can also lead to the adoption of prudent practices under similar conditions. These are more likely to be realized in stable environments in which the human populations tend to grow close to the carrying capacity, when the human groups are closed, and when the technology is stagnant. These conditions probably prevailed in the hunter—gatherer societies of the tropics and subtropics, and led to the adoption of a number of socially imposed restraints on the use of plant and animal resources. Such practices were rationalized in the form of Nature-worship. The Indian caste society became so organized as to fulfill these conditions, and gave rise to two religions, Buddhism and Jainism, which emphasize compassion towards all forms of life. The pastoral nomads of the middle east, on the other hand, lived in an environment which militated against prudence, and these societies gave rise to religions like Christianity, which declared war on nature. As the ruling elite and state have grown in power, they have tried to wrest control of natural resources from the local communities. This has sometimes resulted in conservation and prudent use under guidance from the state, but has often led to conflicts with local populations to the detriment of prudent behaviour. Modern technological progress has also often removed the need for conservation, as when availability of coal permitted the deforestation of England. While modern scientific understanding has led to a better appreciation of the need for prudence, the prevailing social and economic conditions often militate against any implementation of the understanding, as is seen from the history of whaling. However, the imperative for survival of the poor from the Third-World countries may finally bring about conditions in which ecological prudence may once again come to dominate human cultures as it might once have done with stable societies of hunter—gatherers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100864,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Planning","volume":"12 3","pages":"Pages 285-299"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0304-3924(85)90007-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72070798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Landscape PlanningPub Date : 1985-11-01DOI: 10.1016/0304-3924(85)90005-X
George L. Chan
{"title":"Integrated farming system","authors":"George L. Chan","doi":"10.1016/0304-3924(85)90005-X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3924(85)90005-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The cost of food production and processing has become prohibitive in most Third World countries because of the high prices of fuel, feed and fertilizer that are usually imported from the developed countries. So the tendency is to import the food itself from the developed countries — at comparatively lower prices but still very high when the respective wage levels are taken into consideration — while the people of the Third World become more and more underemployed. It is obvious that the Third World countries can only solve their food problems if they can solve their fuel, feed and fertilizer problems.</p><p>An integrated farming system is proposed as a means of reducing the cost of fuel, feed and fertilizer with the minimum capital investment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100864,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Planning","volume":"12 3","pages":"Pages 257-266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0304-3924(85)90005-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72110562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Landscape PlanningPub Date : 1985-11-01DOI: 10.1016/0304-3924(85)90009-7
M. J. Vroom
{"title":"Religion and environmental attitudes. Cause and effects","authors":"M. J. Vroom","doi":"10.1016/0304-3924(85)90009-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3924(85)90009-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100864,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Planning","volume":"14 1","pages":"311-312"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74048055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Landscape PlanningPub Date : 1985-11-01DOI: 10.1016/0304-3924(85)90006-1
P. Jacobs
{"title":"A sustainable society through sustainable development: Towards a regional development strategy for Northern Quebec","authors":"P. Jacobs","doi":"10.1016/0304-3924(85)90006-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3924(85)90006-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100864,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Planning","volume":"67 1","pages":"267-283"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84107351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Landscape PlanningPub Date : 1985-11-01DOI: 10.1016/0304-3924(85)90008-5
Christian De Laet
{"title":"Developing networks and institutions in support of sustainable development","authors":"Christian De Laet","doi":"10.1016/0304-3924(85)90008-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3924(85)90008-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This brief paper draws the distinction between natural, societal and technical environments, and suggests that the societal environment helps to mediate the natural one, whereas the technical environment helps mediate both the societal and the natural environments. Social organisations viewed from positions of “survival”, of “subsistence”, of “security” and of “surplus” are discussed as they embody different approaches to the mediation process. The technical environment is reviewed as a purveyor of contemporary innovations within the general framework referred to as the Information Society. Such innovations serve to track and to mediate the benchmarks of industrial and post-industrial societies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100864,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Planning","volume":"12 3","pages":"Pages 301-309"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0304-3924(85)90008-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72070800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Landscape PlanningPub Date : 1985-11-01DOI: 10.1016/0304-3924(85)90002-4
R. Dasmann
{"title":"Achieving the sustainable use of species and ecosystems","authors":"R. Dasmann","doi":"10.1016/0304-3924(85)90002-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3924(85)90002-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100864,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Planning","volume":"26 1","pages":"211-219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82123417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}