Journal of Road Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Investigations into the use of distributed fibre optic sensors for detecting traffic-induced strain conditions in road structures","authors":"Dirk Jansen,&nbsp;Jan Paul Ork,&nbsp;Markus Oeser,&nbsp;Werner Lienhart,&nbsp;Lisa Strasser,&nbsp;Martin Lipus,&nbsp;Merlin Ganzer,&nbsp;Andrea Agreiter","doi":"10.1016/j.jreng.2026.01.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jreng.2026.01.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Monitoring strain conditions in road structures is crucial for maintaining their integrity and extending their lifespan. However, traditional methods often fall short in providing continuous, real-time data. This study investigates the potential of fibre optic sensors, specifically distributed fibre optic sensing (DFOS) technology (OFDR, DAS, DTS), for detecting strain conditions in road structures. Experiments conducted at the duraBASt test site and a pilot application on an in-service motorway demonstrate the feasibility of using DFOS to measure strain and detect vehicle crossings with high spatial resolution. The results show a close correlation between externally applied loads and internally measured strain values, indicating the technology's promise for monitoring road structures under various traffic conditions. The scope of this work extends beyond general traffic monitoring and load measurements to specifically address the accuracy and the repeatability of determining vehicle position, speed, and weight, ensuring precise spatial and temporal localization of individual vehicles. With its ability to provide continuous monitoring, fibre optic sensing technology offers a significant advancement in road construction and maintenance, enabling more accurate assessments of road condition and more efficient maintenance scheduling. Future applications could include integrating this technology into smart road systems for real-time traffic monitoring and structural health assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100830,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Road Engineering","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 526-540"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149067795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recycling industrial tailings sands for transportation infrastructure: A review of sustainable approaches","authors":"Wei Duan,&nbsp;Zhangqian Wu,&nbsp;Zening Zhao,&nbsp;Guojun Cai,&nbsp;Xidong Zhang,&nbsp;Jiahui Lu,&nbsp;Shaoyun Pu,&nbsp;Zhiming Liu,&nbsp;Xiaoqiang Li,&nbsp;Songyu Liu,&nbsp;Xiaoqiang Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.jreng.2026.01.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jreng.2026.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tailings sand (TS) is a globally abundant industrial by-product; however, its widespread underutilization results in resource waste and environmental burdens. As natural sand resources are increasingly depleted, sustainable recycling of TS has drawn growing interest, particularly in transportation geotechnical engineering. This review systematically examines the physical, chemical, and geotechnical characteristics of TS and employs CiteSpace software to analyze recent research trends and emerging hotspots. Current engineering applications of TS mainly include road base construction, subgrade improvement, and the development of geopolymer binders. When used in conjunction with stabilizers such as cement, lime, or alkaline activators, and further blended with industrial by-products like fly ash or rubber, TS significantly improves the mechanical performance, durability, and long-term stability of geomaterials. These hybrid approaches not only lower construction costs but also promote environmental sustainability by diverting waste from landfills and reducing the carbon footprint of conventional materials. The review also assesses the practical feasibility of TS through engineering case studies. Key future research directions are identified, including performance optimization, large-scale field application, durability assessment, and life-cycle sustainability analysis. Overall, TS demonstrates strong potential as a sustainable substitute for natural sand in transportation infrastructure, delivering both economic and ecological benefits. This study provides updated insights into industrial waste valorization and supports the transition toward more environmentally responsible geotechnical practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100830,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Road Engineering","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 390-418"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149071944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-healing of asphalt materials–part 2: Enhancement strategies, field applications and sustainability assessment","authors":"Carlos D.A. Loureiro,&nbsp;Hugo M.R.D. Silva,&nbsp;Joel R.M. Oliveira","doi":"10.1016/j.jreng.2026.03.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jreng.2026.03.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article is the second part of a two-part comprehensive review of self-healing asphalt materials (SHAMs). While Part 1 synthesized the fundamental healing mechanisms, influencing factors, and evaluation methods governing intrinsic and extrinsic self-healing phenomena, the present paper focuses on engineered enhancement strategies, large-scale applications, and sustainability-related assessments. The review critically examines the main extrinsic self-healing technologies reported in the literature, including electromagnetic and microwave induction heating, encapsulation systems, and hybrid approaches combining multiple activation mechanisms. In addition, material-based strategies involving polymers, rejuvenators, and conductive additives are discussed in terms of their contributions to healing efficiency, repeatability, and practical feasibility. Particular attention is given to reported laboratory investigations, pilot-scale studies, and field-trial applications, with the aim of bridging the gap between controlled experimental conditions and real pavement performance. Beyond mechanical and healing performance, this review emphasizes the environmental and economic implications through analyses of life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) studies. These aspects are discussed in light of current methodological limitations, data variability, and the lack of harmonized assessment frameworks, which remain critical challenges for large-scale implementation. By integrating technical performance, field readiness, and system-level sustainability considerations, this work complements the theoretical foundations established in Part 1 and provides a structured reference for researchers and practitioners seeking to advance SHAMs toward reliable, scalable, and sustainable pavement engineering solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100830,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Road Engineering","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 365-389"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149072195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recycling waste polyethylene terephthalate for asphalt modification: A comprehensive review on material properties, processing techniques, and engineering applications","authors":"Ruizhe Huang,&nbsp;Feng Ma,&nbsp;Ke Shi,&nbsp;Zhen Fu,&nbsp;Jenny Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jreng.2026.03.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jreng.2026.03.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a thermoplastic polyester widely used in beverage bottles and packaging materials, accounting for approximately 60% of global plastic production. Due to its non-biodegradable nature, the accumulation of waste PET has posed a serious environmental challenge worldwide. In recent years, the recycling of PET for use in road engineering has been considered an effective approach to promote resource circulation and reduce plastic pollution. This paper first reviews the main recycling methods of PET, including mechanical shredding and chemical depolymerization, and analyzes its molecular structure, thermal properties, and reprocessing adaptability. Two typical engineering application paths are then evaluated: one involves using chemically treated PET as a modifier in asphalt binder, and the other involves partially replacing aggregate in asphalt mixtures with PET particles or fibers. Studies have shown that incorporating PET in the range of 2%–6% can significantly improve the softening point and viscosity of the binder, while enhancing the Marshall stability, indirect tensile strength, and rutting resistance of asphalt mixtures. Improvements in water stability and fatigue life have also been observed. These enhancements exhibit threshold characteristics, where appropriate dosages contribute to better structural performance, but excessive use may lead to poor dispersion and compatibility issues. Finally, based on life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost analysis (LCCA), the environmental and economic benefits of PET reuse are quantified. The results indicate a potential reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 10%–18% and a decrease in material costs by 20%–30%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100830,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Road Engineering","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 466-491"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149067756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automatic identification of pavement subsurface distresses from ground penetrating radar data using few-shot data augmentation and YOLOv11","authors":"Ahmed Elseicy,&nbsp;Pedro Arias,&nbsp;Mercedes Solla","doi":"10.1016/j.jreng.2026.01.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jreng.2026.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate identification of pavement distress using ground penetrating radar (GPR) data is essential for non-destructive maintenance and safety assessment of roadway structures. However, the scarcity of annotated GPR datasets limits the performance of deep learning models. This study presents a method for automated pavement distress detection using few-shot data augmentation and YOLOv11 (you only look once, version 11). A generative framework based on an improved explainable single-image generative adversarial network (ExSinGAN) is used to generate realistic GPR images from a small number of original samples. The generated data are combined with the urban roadway disease dataset (URDD) to train the YOLOv11 detector to identify subsurface distresses, such as cavities and looseness. Comparative experiments with gprMax-simulated data and field validation confirm the reliability and adaptability of the proposed approach. The results show an increase in mean average precision (mAP) from 84.69% to 89.31%, precision from 77.73% to 83.13%, and recall from 81.30% to 83.37% compared to the baseline trained on URDD alone. These findings demonstrate that few-shot generative augmentation effectively mitigates data scarcity and improves the robustness of GPR-based distress detection. The developed model was further validated on field data, confirming its generalization to real-world GPR measurements. The proposed method supports non-destructive monitoring of pavement structures. It provides practical value to civil engineers by facilitating early detection of underground defects and reducing the risk of pavement collapse from sinkholes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100830,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Road Engineering","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 492-506"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149067793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-scale adaptive signal denoising for smart road infrastructure through pelican optimized variational mode decomposition-improved wavelet threshold synergy","authors":"Zihan Tang,&nbsp;Shanshan Wang,&nbsp;Haihui Duan,&nbsp;Li Li,&nbsp;Chaoyue Rao,&nbsp;Jiarui Zhang,&nbsp;Songtao Lv","doi":"10.1016/j.jreng.2026.03.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jreng.2026.03.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Asphalt pavement health monitoring signals are susceptible to environmental and system noise interference, hampering the accurate capture of structural response characteristics. Previous denoising methods have insufficient adaptability to non-linear and non-stationary signals, failing to meet the high-precision monitoring demands of smart roads and autonomous driving systems. This research proposes a collaborative denoising framework integrating the pelican optimization algorithm (POA), variational mode decomposition (VMD), and improved wavelet threshold (IWT). A POA-VMD parameter optimization model based on minimizing multi-scale permutation entropy is constructed, achieving adaptive optimization of mode number <em>K</em> and penalty factor <em>α</em>. A multi-criteria mechanism utilizing cosine similarity, Pearson correlation coefficient, and variance contribution rate identifies noise-dominated components for subsequent wavelet refinement. Validation on simulated signals across noise intensities achieves signal-to-noise ratios of 13.90–27.26 dB and root mean square errors of 0.1763–0.8209, outperforming comparative methods while preserving peak characteristics. Full-scale pavement test reveals progressive enhancement with structural depth, achieving noise mode reductions of 25.42%, 39.86%, and 52.57% in upper, middle, and lower layers respectively, with signal energy ratios maintained at 89.9%–98.2%. Flexible base pavements exhibit superior performance compared to semi-rigid structures. This research has provided a novel method of sensing signals quality assurance for constructing safer, more reliable, and smarter road infrastructure systems and autonomous driving traffic systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100830,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Road Engineering","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 507-525"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149067794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technical indexes and requirements for the application of recycled construction and demolition waste in base layers of roads in China","authors":"Jie Ji,&nbsp;Chenxu Liu,&nbsp;Wenhua Zheng,&nbsp;Hao Chen,&nbsp;Ran Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jreng.2026.01.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jreng.2026.01.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The large-scale generation of construction and demolition waste (C&amp;DW) in China has promoted increasing interest in its application in road base layers. Recycled construction and demolition waste (RC&amp;DW) has been incorporated into national and provincial technical specifications; however, the corresponding technical indices and threshold requirements vary significantly among regions, which limits their effective application in engineering. This study provides a systematic review of technical indices and requirement ranges for RC&amp;DW used in road base layers in China based on 35 national and provincial specifications. Crushing value, water absorption, elongated or flaky particles, content of lightweight impurities, and fine powder content are primarily used and recommended for evaluating the performance of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA). In contrast, the critical indices for recycled fine aggregate (RFA) are the sand equivalent and the 0.075 mm plasticity index. In the cement-stabilized RC&amp;DW, the 7 d unconfined compressive strength is affected by the coupling between road grade and traffic volume. In other cases, it is constrained by either the road grade or traffic volume alone. Road grade, traffic volume, and coupling classifications are used to establish the compaction degree requirements for cement-stabilized RC&amp;DW, considering both road grade and traffic volume. Based on the statistical synthesis of existing specifications, recommended index ranges and classification schemes are proposed for practical reference. The results indicate that significant dispersion exists in RC&amp;DW technical requirements, primarily due to differences in material sources, regional management levels, and road class demands. This review highlights the necessity of harmonizing technical requirements while allowing appropriate flexibility to accommodate material heterogeneity. The findings provide a reference for improving specification consistency and promoting the standardized application of RC&amp;DW in base layers of roads under Chinese engineering conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100830,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Road Engineering","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 431-447"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149067754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stabilization of expansive soil using alkali-activated phosphogypsum and ground granulated blast furnace slag","authors":"Shun Pan,&nbsp;Zheng Zhang,&nbsp;Shuo Sun,&nbsp;Jiarui Lu,&nbsp;Xiantao Qin,&nbsp;Zeyu Zhang,&nbsp;Rong Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.jreng.2026.01.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jreng.2026.01.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluates the feasibility of alkali-activated phosphogypsum (PG) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) as a cementitious material (PG-based alkali-activated cement, PSC) to stabilize expansive soil (ES). The effects of PSC on ES properties and the underlying mechanisms were investigated through a series of tests, including Atterberg limits test, free swell ratio test, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test, California bearing ratio (CBR) test, water stability test, leaching toxicity test, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Experiments demonstrated that PSC enhances mechanical performance compared to PG alone, achieving a maximum 28-d compressive strength of 29.6 MPa. Incorporating PSC effectively reduced swelling potential and the water adsorption capacity of ES. At a 50% PSC content, the liquid limit, plasticity index, and 28-d free swell ratio of ES decreased to 32.6%, 16.78%, and 13.2%, respectively. The stabilized ES exhibited improved mechanical strength with curing age, reaching a 28-d UCS of 4.82 MPa and a CBR of 43.42%. Additionally, PSC enhanced water resistance, yielding a 28-d water stability coefficient of 0.851. Environmental assessment confirmed the effective immobilization of hazardous constituents, indicating low leaching risks. A comprehensive performance-cost evaluation identified 40% as the optimum PSC content. Microstructural analyses revealed that the stabilization mechanism involved calcium ion-induced ion exchange, which promoted flocculation and agglomeration of soil particles. Concurrently, the alkali activation of PG and GGBFS generated hydration products (e.g., calcium silicate hydrates) that filled pores and formed a cementation matrix, further reducing soil expansivity and improving mechanical integrity. These findings highlight the potential of PSC as an effective, sustainable alternative for stabilizing expansive soils.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100830,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Road Engineering","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 541-554"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149067796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wearing behaviour of microsurfacing mixtures: Macro- and micro-texture evolution and their correlation","authors":"Manuel De Rose,&nbsp;Joel R.M. Oliveira,&nbsp;Filippo Balzano,&nbsp;Cesare Sangiorgi,&nbsp;Carlos A.O.F. Palha,&nbsp;Rosolino Vaiana","doi":"10.1016/j.jreng.2025.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jreng.2025.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microsurfacing is widely used as a cost-effective, environmentally friendly maintenance technique that enhances skid resistance and restores the surface texture of structurally sound pavements. Its successful adoption by road agencies hinges on a detailed analysis of its long-term surface performance. Therefore, this study focuses on optimising the mix of various bituminous cold microsurfacing mixtures and analysing their surface performance (specifically micro- and macro-texture) under an accelerated laboratory traffic simulator. The collected data enabled the development of a novel model to describe the evolution of the pendulum test value (PTV) and mean profile depth (MPD) over time, identifying the key phases of the wearing process (a three-stage trend) and facilitating direct comparison between mixtures. Notably, the microsurfacing mixtures maintained high skid resistance and surface texture values overtime. Additionally, macro-texture indicators, Abbott curves, and texture level spectra were assessed to investigate surface texture evolution further. Pearson’s correlation analysis confirmed a strong relationship between PTV and macro-texture parameters, particularly with peak-to-peak profile excursion indicators and texture wavelengths in the 5–8 mm range. Overall, this study proposes an integrated approach for assessing pavement surface properties, combining multiple analytical methods to provide valuable insights into the performance of microsurfacing, investigating on the relationship between surface texture and skid resistance through its service life, and support the development of more effective maintenance strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100830,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Road Engineering","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 448-465"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149067755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of modifiers components on rheological properties of waste plastic-rubber modified asphalt","authors":"Danni Li,&nbsp;Kai Huang,&nbsp;Hongru Yao,&nbsp;Jason Moore,&nbsp;David P. Harper,&nbsp;Hongyu Zhou,&nbsp;Yuetan Ma,&nbsp;Qiang He,&nbsp;Baoshan Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jreng.2026.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jreng.2026.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of waste materials in asphalt binders is an important strategy for sustainable pavement construction, but the stability of waste plastic-rubber modified systems is still limited by poor interfacial compatibility. This study investigates the influence of the modifier composition (plastic-to-rubber (P/R) ratio) and the concentration of the SEBS-g-MA compatibilizer (2.5 wt.%−7.5 wt.%) on the interface structure and rheological properties of waste plastic-rubber modified asphalt. Reactively extruded composites were characterized using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to evaluate molecular-weight evolution and ester-related chemical interactions, while binder performance was assessed through storage stability, viscosity, and rheological testing under both linear viscoelastic (LVE) and nonlinear viscoelastic (NLVE) conditions. The results showed that the 5.0 wt.% SEBS-g-MA concentration maximizing both chemical crosslinking and rubber devulcanization rates. Performance evaluations demonstrated that a 7.5 wt.% SEBS-g-MA concentration provided excellent storage stability (SI &lt; 7.1%) to the asphalt due to the enhanced physical entanglement between the composite components.</div><div>The master curve indicated that the asphalt binders with more rubber (PRA1:4) exhibited superior stiffness and elasticity. However, the results of the multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) test showed that the PRA1:3 samples with lower rubber content showed better rutting resistance (<em>J</em>_nr = 0.45 kPa⁻¹ to 0.65 kPa⁻¹) and recovery (<em>R</em> &gt; 25%). These findings demonstrate that the performance of waste plastic-rubber modified asphalt is governed by the combined effects of compatibilizer-induced interfacial evolution and P/R ratio and highlight the importance of evaluating both LVE and NLVE responses to understand mechanism-performance relationships in compatibilized waste-material asphalt systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100830,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Road Engineering","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 419-430"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149072221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}