Grassland Research最新文献

{"title":"Our world is changing","authors":"Cory Matthew","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/glr2.12102","url":null,"abstract":"<p>When I was born in 1951, earth's atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration was around 310 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> (i.e., parts per million), with an annual rate of increase averaging some 0.8 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> per year (NOAA, <span>2024</span>). When I commenced my research career in 1984, atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration was 340 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>, with a decadal average increase for the 1980s of 1.6 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> per year. In August 2024, atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration was reported as 423 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>, with the decadal mean annual increase for the 2010s nearing 2.5 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> per year (NOAA, <span>2024</span>). In the same period, Earth's human population has increased from 2.5 to 8.0 billion. Science says the increase in atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>, together with other trace gases, notably methane and nitrous oxide, will decrease the proportion of insolation received by earth that is reflected back into space, and so warm the planet. The expectation of global temperature increase is the climate change story; it has been told repeatedly in many forums such as the IPCC documents and debated at great length by “believers” and “deniers.” I will not dwell on it here.</p><p>There is ample evidence that the predictions are being fulfilled (see, e.g., Figure 2 of Yuan & Hou, <span>2015</span>). The acceptance of climate change as fact is now mainstream, with the global temperature rise to date frequently stated to be in the vicinity of 1.1°C (IPCC, <span>2023</span>). Europe is leading the way among nations in transforming lifestyles to achieve carbon neutrality (EU, <span>2020</span>). The increase in atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> and population increase are closely linked. Fundamentally, humans need energy to drive their homes, motorcars, and industries; much of this energy comes from burning fossil fuels, thereby releasing CO<sub>2</sub> into the atmosphere that was sequestered in past geological eras. What intuitively perturbs me about the raw NOAA data is that the rate of increase in atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration is still increasing. After all the international effort, I had thought that the annual rate of global atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> increase would be falling by now, not still rising.</p><p>I turn to the 2023 IPCC 6th Assessment report for guidance as to the status of the collective international effort in climate change mitigation. For me, the report does not join the dots and only increases my feeling of concern. “Summary for policymakers, Figure 5” is telling; it depicts annual global emissions of CO<sub>2</sub> equivalents around 55 Gt per year, and shows that this needs to be halved by 2040 to limit warming to 1.5–2°C. I wondered to myself what the current annual CO<sub>2</sub> increase of 3 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> per year would convert into in units of Gt, so I looked up the weight of the earth's atmosphere—5.15 million Gt. Thus, a 3 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> annual increase is about 15.5 Gt. Allowin","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"3 3","pages":"217-218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12102","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142451233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forage yield and nutritive value of plantain and chicory for livestock feed at high altitudes in Peru","authors":"Luis A. Vallejos-Fernández,&nbsp;Ricardo Guillén,&nbsp;César Pinares-Patiño,&nbsp;Rubén García-Ticllacuri,&nbsp;Yudith Y. Muñoz-Vilchez,&nbsp;Carlos Quilcate,&nbsp;Wuesley Y. Alvarez-García","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/glr2.12098","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Evaluation of forage resources is vital for the sustainability of livestock farming in the South American Andes, especially under conditions of low water availability for irrigation and acid soils.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We evaluated the productivity and nutritive value of two cultivars of chicory (<i>Cichorium intybus</i> L.) and one of plantain (<i>Plantago lanceolata</i> L.) in three high-altitude sites (AL) of the northern highlands of Peru: AL-I: 2300–2800 m.a.s.l, AL-II: 2801–3300 m.a.s.l. and AL-III: 3301–3800 m.a.s.l., for 1 year. The parameters evaluated were dry matter yield (DMY), plant height (PH), growth rate (GR) and nutritional value.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Plantain achieved the greatest annual DMY (ADMY), PH and GR compared to the two chicory cultivars (9.34, 9.56 and 13.39 Mg ha⁻¹ for Puna II and Sese 100 chicory and Tonic plantain, respectively; <i>p</i> = 0.0019). The greatest ADMY and GR occurred at AL-I. Regarding nutritional value, differences were observed only for in vitro digestibility of dry matter and metabolisable energy with chicory cultivars higher than plantain.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The results indicate that the three cultivars evaluated may be used as a nutritional supplement in cattle feed, associated with grasses because they have high nutritive value suitable for milk production in the mountain regions of Peru.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"3 3","pages":"243-248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12098","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142449078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biocontrol agents enhance plant disease resistance by altering plant microbiomes","authors":"Xiang Liu","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/glr2.12100","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Plants provide a habitat for a tremendous diversity of microbes, including bacteria and fungi, with the relationship ranging from mutualism to parasitism. The assemblages of microbes hosted on the stem and leaf surfaces and in internal tissues of plants are defined as plant microbiomes (Gilbert &amp; Parker, &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;). Plant microbiomes play a critical role in promoting host plant fitness through enhanced nutrition acquisition, stress tolerance, and also resistance to herbivores and pathogens (Trivedi et al., &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;). Specifically, antagonistic phyllosphere microbes can regulate plant resistance substances and signaling pathways, and influence the outcome of plant–pathogen interactions (i.e., diseases) (Agrios, &lt;span&gt;2005&lt;/span&gt;). In fact, the process of pathogens infecting host plants can be seen as the colonization by “invasive” species of plant microbiomes, in which environmental filtering and competitive exclusion processes play important roles (Liu et al., &lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;). The process of infection by plant disease agents is also regulated by biocontrol agents (BCAs), including &lt;i&gt;Trichoderma&lt;/i&gt; and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). To better understand the relationship between plants and their microbiome, we need to go beyond the previous studies on how A affects B and clarify the interaction among all players through more rigorous and complex field and greenhouse manipulative experiments.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Although the interactions between plant microbiomes and pathogens have been the subject of active research in recent years (e.g., Carrión et al., &lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/span&gt;; Kwak et al., &lt;span&gt;2018&lt;/span&gt;; Yin et al., &lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;), the influence and modifying role of BCAs in these interactions are still unclear. The reason for this knowledge gap is that the analysis of the complex interactions among plant microbiomes, BCAs, and pathogens requires controlled experiments, and sequencing is essential for analyzing the plant microbiome. A recently published paper in &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Grassland Research&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; by Zhu et al. (doi:10.1002/glr2.12081) used greenhouse manipulative experiments, combined with high-throughput sequencing, to provide novel insights into these complex interactions. Based on their findings, the authors suggest that the BCAs can induce plant defense by shifting the community composition of plant microbiomes toward favorable phyllosphere bacteria.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Both &lt;i&gt;Trichoderma&lt;/i&gt; and plant PGPR are used as BCAs for common vetch (&lt;i&gt;Vicia sativa&lt;/i&gt; L.), while anthracnose caused by &lt;i&gt;Colletotrichum spinaciae&lt;/i&gt; usually reduces the yield of common vetch. In their study, Zhu et al. manipulated the presence or absence of two PGPRs, &lt;i&gt;Bacillus subtilis&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Bacillus licheniformis&lt;/i&gt;, and also &lt;i&gt;Trichoderma longibrachiatum&lt;/i&gt;, and evaluated the anthracnose disease index 7 days after &lt;i&gt;C. spinaciae&lt;/i&gt; inoculation. They found that common vetch with PGPR and &lt;i&gt;T. longibrachiatum&lt;/i&gt; showed significant reduct","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"3 3","pages":"299-301"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12100","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142451235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of fermented total mixed rations on rumen microbial communities and serum metabolites in lambs","authors":"Mingjian Liu,&nbsp;Yulan Zhang,&nbsp;Yichao Liu,&nbsp;Yuyu Li,&nbsp;Zhijun Wang,&nbsp;Gentu Ge,&nbsp;Yushan Jia,&nbsp;Shuai Du","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/glr2.12095","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Diet regulates rumen microbiota, which in turn affects animal health. The present study evaluated the response of rumen microbiota and the immune system of lambs to a fermented total mixed ration diet.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 30 lambs were assigned into two groups: a group fed an unfermented high-fiber diet (total mixed ration [TMR]) and a group fed an fermented low-fiber diet (fermented TMR [FTMR]).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The results showed that FTMR markedly (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) increased average daily gain and dry matter intake compared to TMR. The FTMR diet increased the relative abundance of <i>Veillonellaceae_UCG-001</i> and decreased the diversity of undesirable microbiota despite stable overall microbial community diversity. Serum metabolomic analysis combined with enrichment analysis showed that serum metabolites were affected by the FTMR and metabolic pathways, and the FTMR diet significantly (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) influenced amino acid metabolism of lambs. There was a decrease in inflammatory factors in the FTMR treatment, indicating that inflammatory factors followed the same trajectory as changes in microbial community structure and function.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Overall, the FTMR diet reduced undesirable microbiota diversity, thereby regulating host amino acid metabolism and improving immune status.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"3 3","pages":"249-263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12095","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142451236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors influencing farmer willingness to plant forage triticale in winter fallow fields in Northern China: An example from central Shanxi Province","authors":"Qishen Jiang,&nbsp;Haibin Dong,&nbsp;Qidong Li,&nbsp;Zongxian Zhang,&nbsp;Changyu Gao,&nbsp;Yanting Yin,&nbsp;Xiangyang Hou","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/glr2.12097","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using winter fallow fields for plant forage is important to ensure food security. Forage triticale (× <i>Triticosecale</i>) has higher yields than other available forage crops and can be planted widely in winter fallow fields. Recently, the planted area of forage triticale in Shanxi Province, China, has exceeded 3500 ha; however, problems such as low farmer willingness to plant (WTP) winter forage still remain.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 219 farmers were surveyed in Taiyuan, Lvliang, and Jinzhong. We analyzed the factors influencing farmer WTP forage triticale, focusing on personal, family, land, and cognition characteristics. We used a binary logistic regression model to quantify the influence of various factors on farmer behavior and conducted a robustness check and heterogeneity analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>“Age” was negatively correlated with farmer WTP—farmers 50 years of age and older showed less WTP. “Land lease situation” was also negatively correlated with WTP. Factors that positively correlated with WTP were “land areas,” “raising of livestock,” “size of labor force,” and “development prospect.”</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Many farmers are over 50 years of age, land lessors, and have low WTP winter forage. Farmers who raise livestock and have large labor forces, huge land areas, and good cultivation prospects have a high WTP. This study identifies the factors influencing farmers' WTP to assist in the development of the forage triticale industry in the study region, improving land resource utilization and efficiency. The findings are likely to have wider relevance and application.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"3 3","pages":"290-298"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12097","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142449213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intake and diet preference of dairy heifers grazing mixed or alternating rows of birdsfoot trefoil and cool-season grasses","authors":"Michael D. Peel,&nbsp;Blair L. Waldron,&nbsp;Jacob T. Briscoe,&nbsp;Marcus F. Rose,&nbsp;S. Clay Isom,&nbsp;Kara J. Thornton,&nbsp;Jacob A. Hadfield,&nbsp;Kerry A. Rood,&nbsp;J. Earl Creech","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/glr2.12094","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Mixtures with birdsfoot trefoil (BFT) increase herbage intake in grazing cattle. We hypothesized that BFT spatially separated from grasses would increase preferential grazing of BFT and herbage intake compared to grass and BFT in mixed rows.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Binary mixtures of BFT were established with orchardgrass, meadow bromegrass, tall fescue, and perennial ryegrass in alternating and in mixed rows. Pastures were rotationally stocked with Jersey heifers, and herbage mass, intake, and preferential grazing were estimated.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Planting BFT in alternating rows did not affect herbage mass, intake, or BFT preference. Regardless of spatial arrangement, pasture production averaged 4116 kg ha⁻¹ per rotation, of which 32% was BFT. BFT comprised 39% of herbage intake in alternating and mixed rows, 7% greater (<i>p</i> = 0.001) than offered, indicating partial preference for BFT. Greatest preferential grazing of BFT was in tall fescue and orchardgrass mixtures, but less than commonly reported for legumes grown in more contrasting spatial arrangements with cool-season grasses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Grazing heifers showed partial preference for BFT over grass. However, the lack of an effect of spatial arrangement on herbage mass, herbage intake, and diet preference indicates that spatial arrangements greater than alternating rows may be needed to increase overall herbage intake.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"3 3","pages":"219-229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12094","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142451169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing mowing intensity: A new index incorporating frequency, type of machinery, and technique","authors":"Margarita Hartlieb,&nbsp;Sebastian Raubitzek,&nbsp;Johanna L. Berger,&nbsp;Michael Staab,&nbsp;Juliane Vogt,&nbsp;Manfred Ayasse,&nbsp;Andreas Ostrowski,&nbsp;Wolfgang Weisser,&nbsp;Nico Blüthgen","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/glr2.12089","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Only a few decades ago, colorful, small-scale, heterogeneous, and species-rich hay meadows or extensive pastures were common, but have often been replaced by species-poor, uniform, large-scale multicut meadows. Technological advancements and improved efficiency in grassland management have come at the cost of biodiversity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In Germany, 150 grassland plots have been investigated since 2006. Using these extensive data, we propose a new compound index for estimating the site-specific mowing intensity in order to facilitate assessment of the impact of mowing intensity on biodiversity and ecosystem processes. Our index integrates the various qualitative components of mowing machine type, mowing height and use of a conditioner, with the annual number of cuts.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The newly proposed index achieves a much finer gradation of mowing intensity compared to the previous quantification based on the number of cuts only. Furthermore, a decrease in plant and arthropod species was observed at higher mowing intensity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The proposed mowing intensity index offers enhanced precision in calculations and can easily be integrated into assessments of land-use intensity in grasslands. Further, it could serve as a basis for providing subsidies to farmers, who adopt low-impact mowing practices.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"3 3","pages":"264-274"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12089","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142449008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chromosome-scale genome assembly of the autoalloenneaploid Arundo donax","authors":"Mengmeng Ren,&nbsp;Fupeng Liu,&nbsp;Xiaohong Han,&nbsp;Daohong Wu,&nbsp;Hai Peng","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/glr2.12091","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Arundo donax</i> L. has great potential as an energy crop due to its high biomass yield and broad adaptability, while lack of a reference genome is a hindrance to genetic improvement efforts for this species.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Genome assembly of <i>A. donax</i> was conducted by utilizing PacBio SMRT sequencing and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture technology, with further analysis exploring the plant's ploidy, whole-genome duplication event, and evolutionary history through comparative genomics.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The genome assembly of <i>A. donax</i> consists of 1.30 Gb with a contig N50 size of 33.15 Mb. A total of 74 403 gene models were identified, with over 90% of genes being functionally annotated. Karyotype and synteny analyses revealed that <i>A. donax</i> is an autoalloenneaploid (3<i>n</i> = 9<i>x</i> = 108) and has experienced significant gene family expansion and two whole-genome duplication events during its evolutionary history. Furthermore, utilizing the genome assembly, a variety of salinity stress-related genes were uncovered through the analysis of public RNA-seq data.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study presents the initial chromosome-scale genome assembly of <i>A. donax</i>, which will advance genetic comprehension and support the genetic enhancement of this important energy crop.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"3 3","pages":"230-242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12091","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142451209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and Trichoderma shift common vetch (Vicia sativa) physiology and phyllosphere bacteria toward antagonism against anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spinaciae","authors":"Rui Zhu,&nbsp;Wei Yan,&nbsp;Yajie Wang,&nbsp;Yingde Li,&nbsp;Rongchun Zheng,&nbsp;Wanqing Dong,&nbsp;Tuo Yao,&nbsp;Tingyu Duan","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12081","DOIUrl":"10.1002/glr2.12081","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Plant phyllosphere microbes are important for the host plant's protection. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and <i>Trichoderma</i> are common biocontrol agents (BCAs) for disease management. Pathogens and BCAs can change the rhizosphere microbial composition; however, the effect of PGPR or <i>Trichoderma</i> on plant phyllosphere microbes, particularly for mesocosms involving the interaction between pathogens and BCAs, is not well known.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>High-throughput sequencing was used to identify the phyllosphere bacterial community of common vetch interacting with <i>Colletotrichum spinaciae</i>, two PGPRs (<i>Bacillus subtilis</i> and <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i>), and <i>Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i>. We evaluated anthracnose severity, phyllosphere bacteria diversity and composition, and the relationship between the activities of plant defense enzymes and hormonal molecules in plants treated with individual and combined inoculations of PGPRs, <i>Trichoderma</i>, and <i>C. spinaciae</i>.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>PGPR or <i>Trichoderma</i> alone reduced disease severity. <i>Trichoderma</i> reduced the salicylic acid content, PGPR increased the catalase activity in plants, and co-inoculation of PGPR and <i>Trichoderma</i> decreased the salicylic acid content. Inoculation of PGPR and <i>Trichoderma</i> individually or in combination changed the disease-associated phyllosphere bacteria, and this effect was related to plant defense enzymes and hormonal molecules.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We suggest that the plant defense response induced by PGPR and <i>Trichoderma</i> results in the enrichment of a fraction of favorable chloroplastic bacteria, which facilitates plant defense against diseases.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"3 3","pages":"275-289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12081","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141658969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genotype × environment interaction patterns of dry matter yield in meadow brome, orchardgrass, tall fescue, and timothy evaluated at harsh winter sites","authors":"Joseph G. Robins,&nbsp;Bill Biligetu,&nbsp;Annie Claessens,&nbsp;Nityananda Khanal,&nbsp;Sean R. Asselin,&nbsp;Michael P. Schellenberg","doi":"10.1002/glr2.12088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/glr2.12088","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Genotype × environment interaction (GEI) slows genetic gains and complicates selection decisions in plant breeding programs. Forage breeding program seed sales often encompass large geographic regions to which the cultivars may not be adapted. An understanding of the extent of GEI in perennial, cool-season forage grasses will facilitate improved selection decisions and end-use in areas with harsh winters.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We evaluated the dry matter yield of nine meadow brome (<i>Bromus biebersteinii</i> Roemer &amp; J. A. Schultes), nine orchardgrass (<i>Dactylis glomerata</i> L.), seven tall fescue (<i>Lolium arundinaceum</i> (Schreb.) Darbysh.), and 10 timothy (<i>Phleum pratense</i> L.) cultivars or breeding populations at seven high latitude and/or elevation locations in Canada and the United States from 2019 to 2021.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>For each of the species, we found significant differences among the genotypes for dry matter yield across environments and found significant levels of GEI. Using site regression analysis and GGE biplot visualizations, we then characterized the extent of the interactions in each species. Except for tall fescue, there was little evidence for the broad adaptation of genotypes across locations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This research adds further evidence to the limitations of perennial, forage breeding programs to develop widely adapted cultivars and the need to maintain regional breeding efforts.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100593,"journal":{"name":"Grassland Research","volume":"3 2","pages":"147-154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/glr2.12088","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141565736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}