Franklin Open最新文献

{"title":"Stability in distribution of stochastic systems with high nonlinear delays under a new trigger mechanism","authors":"Gongfei Song,&nbsp;Zirong Yin,&nbsp;Yongkang Xia","doi":"10.1016/j.fraope.2024.100175","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fraope.2024.100175","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper delves into the issue of the asymptotic stability in distribution (ASID) and highly nonlinear event-triggered feedback control for stochastic delay systems with high nonlinearity. By introducing the event-triggered strategy into the state of the system, we establish the ASID of the input relative to the state of the system. Furthermore, we investigate both the ASID of a class of deterministic highly nonlinear delay systems with stochastic noise and discrete event-triggered stabilization, as well as the ASID of a class of stochastic highly nonlinear delay systems with discrete event-triggered stabilization. We find the upper limit of the duration <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>τ</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msup></math></span> between two continuous state observations in a discontinuous observation. Utilizing Lyapunov functions and <span><math><mrow><mi>I</mi><mi>t</mi><mover><mrow><mi>o</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>ˆ</mo></mrow></mover></mrow></math></span> lemma, two bounded principles are established, and it is proved that the designed controller can ensure that the probability measure generated by the solution of the controlled system converges to the only probability measure that is the ASID. Finally, we present two examples to demonstrate the efficacy and accuracy of the methodologies utilized in this paper.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100554,"journal":{"name":"Franklin Open","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142706101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling and analyzing the impact of limited medical resources and mutation on tuberculosis dynamics","authors":"Mlyashimbi Helikumi ,&nbsp;Salamida Daudi ,&nbsp;Eva Lusekelo ,&nbsp;Steady Mushayabasa","doi":"10.1016/j.fraope.2024.100186","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fraope.2024.100186","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health challenge despite the establishment of the End TB strategy which encouraged screening and treatment of latent patients. Existence of multiple disease strains and limited medical resources are some of the challenges hampering the success of control strategies. Hence, understanding how multiple infections and limited medical resources impact TB dynamics is of utmost importance. This study develops a novel TB model for resource limited settings that utilizes fractional order derivatives and incorporates drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains, screening and treatment of both active patients. Drug-sensitive patients are assumed to be susceptible to infection by the drug-resistant strain (super-infection). Additionally, drug-sensitive patients have the potentila to develop drug-resistant strain due to mutation. Through mathematical analysis it has been established that the model has two reproduction numbers, which account for transmission potential of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strain. Sensitivity analysis indicate that both reproduction numbers are largely influenced by the transmission rate. Numerical analysis suggests that when both reproduction numbers are less than unity both strain dies out. Further empirical study focused on understanding the implications of competition between the two strains showed that with time the drug-resistant strain will dominant the drug-sensitive strain. We further investigate how limited resources impact TB dynamics. The results show that limited medical resources may lead to the development and establishment of the drug-resistant cases even if the associated strain was not initially present.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100554,"journal":{"name":"Franklin Open","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142706053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A mathematical model for distributed waning of vaccine-derived immunity: Characterizing dynamical impact on measles elimination","authors":"Aniruddha Deka ,&nbsp;Tumpa Mahato ,&nbsp;Samit Bhattacharyya","doi":"10.1016/j.fraope.2024.100174","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fraope.2024.100174","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The worldwide resurgence of measles outbreaks, particularly in western nations, has become a serious global health concern. Often, it fails to meet the regional measles elimination goals proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Several clinical studies pointed out that antibodies induced by the Measles–Mumps–Rubella vaccine wane over time, resulting in drops in the <em>Herd-Immunity</em> level despite maintaining high vaccine coverage in the population. To portray this nonlinear interaction between the waning of vaccine-induced immunity and disease transmission, we develop a measles model with a distributed delay that takes into account varying immunity periods in the population. We use different probability distributions to characterize distributed delay. Comparing scenarios under different types of distributions, we compute and show how it affects the control reproduction number, indicating when measles elimination is not possible under a simple routine immunization program. We determine critical vaccination coverage for different types of waning distribution. Our work illustrates that a supplementary immunization campaign in addition to routine vaccination is essential to control the outbreak and achieve elimination goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100554,"journal":{"name":"Franklin Open","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142706055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flexibility modeling and autopilot design of interceptor missile using multiple sensing","authors":"Shivendra N. Tiwari,&nbsp;Ketan P. Detroja","doi":"10.1016/j.fraope.2024.100184","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fraope.2024.100184","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When addressing concerns related to an unstable interceptor missile with lightly damped structural modes, the active mitigation of structural vibrations may be unfeasible due to constraints in actuation and uncertainties in modeling. In such cases, a prevalent engineering strategy involves the use of band-stop filters to mitigate the impact of vibrations on autopilot feedback loops. This approach is commonly known as the mode cancellation technique. The paper proposes a model for flexibility and autopilot design for a highly flexible unstable interceptor missile using multiple sensors such as gyroscopes and accelerometers. The model combines interceptor flight dynamics, actuator dynamics, and air-frame elasticity in a state-space form. The order of the model is reduced to optimize sensor placement and minimize the flexibility’s impact on control. This enables autopilot design with extended bandwidth. Once the choices are made, a three-loop autopilot with multiple sensing techniques is proposed and analyzed to extend the autopilot’s bandwidth by countering air-frame deformation measured by these sensors. The simulated test cases demonstrated that significant attenuation of the first and second elastic modes can be achieved with good stability margins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100554,"journal":{"name":"Franklin Open","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142706056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A part of speech tagger for Yoruba language text using deep neural network","authors":"Chukwuemeka Christian Ugwu ,&nbsp;Abisola Rukayat Oyewole ,&nbsp;Olugbemiga Solomon Popoola ,&nbsp;Adebayo Olusola Adetunmbi ,&nbsp;Ayo Elebute","doi":"10.1016/j.fraope.2024.100185","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fraope.2024.100185","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pursuit of advancing Yoruba language in the realm of technology has underscored the necessity for an efficient foundational natural language processing (NLP) tool, notably the part-of-speech (POS) tagger. POS tagging serves as the building block to numerous NLP applications, as its capacity to recognize and assign appropriate syntactic tags to words is pivotal to the efficiency of NLP solutions. However, the existing POS taggers for Yoruba language either rely on rule-based approaches, which are limited by the comprehensiveness and accuracy of the defined rules; or stochastic approaches, which are extremely redundant in generating sequence of tags. Hence, this paper advocates the utilization of machine learning models to develop robust and highly effective POS taggers tailored to Yoruba text. Specifically, a Feed Forward Deep Neural Network (FF-DNN) was employed and trained using curated Yoruba tag set sourced from Yoruba religion and dictionary texts, comprising 20,795 words alongside their corresponding POS tags. The evaluation of the model demonstrates an accuracy of 99 % and a precision of 98 % in predicting appropriate tags, outperforming Random Forest (RF), Logistic Regression (LR), and K-Nearest Neighbour (k-NN) machine learning models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100554,"journal":{"name":"Franklin Open","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142706054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal dependency modeling for improved medical image segmentation: The R-UNet perspective","authors":"Ahmed Alweshah ,&nbsp;Roohollah Barzamini ,&nbsp;Farshid Hajati ,&nbsp;Shoorangiz Shams Shamsabad Farahani ,&nbsp;Mohammad Arabian ,&nbsp;Behnaz Sohani","doi":"10.1016/j.fraope.2024.100182","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fraope.2024.100182","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we propose a modified version of the widely used UNet architecture, enhanced by the integration of recurrent blocks at each step of the encoder (down-sampling) and decoder (up-sampling) stages. The proposed Recurrent UNet (R-UNet) architecture aims to improve the performance of semantic segmentation tasks by allowing the model to capture temporal dependencies and long-range contextual information. The R-UNet architecture consists of two main components: a recurrent encoder and a recurrent decoder. The recurrent encoder is composed of a series of convolutional and recurrent blocks, which extract features from the input image and propagate them across time. The recurrent decoder consists of a similar series of convolutional and recurrent blocks, which use the extracted features to generate the final segmentation mask. An attention mechanism is employed to enhance feature extraction at the bottleneck of the model. The proposed R-UNet architecture is evaluated on multiple benchmark datasets, including those for liver segmentation, brain tumor detection, mitochondria segmentation, lung imaging, a proprietary lung CT COVID-19 dataset, as well as various multi-organ imaging datasets. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed R-UNet architecture outperforms the standard UNet architecture and several other state-of-the-art semantic segmentation models in terms of accuracy score, achieving an overall accuracy of 97.2 % on the Mitochondria dataset, 97.83 % on the Liver dataset, 89.17 % on the Tumor dataset and 97.22 % Lung dataset.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100554,"journal":{"name":"Franklin Open","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142706052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep learning for prediction and classifying the dynamical behaviour of piecewise-smooth maps","authors":"Vismaya V S,&nbsp;Bharath V Nair,&nbsp;Sishu Shankar Muni","doi":"10.1016/j.fraope.2024.100180","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fraope.2024.100180","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper explores novel ways of predicting and classifying the dynamics of piecewise smooth maps using various deep learning models. Moreover, we have used machine learning models such as Decision Tree Classifier, Logistic Regression, K-Nearest Neighbor, Random Forest, and Support Vector Machine for predicting the border collision bifurcation in the 1D normal form map and the 1D tent map. The decision tree classifier best predicts the border collision bifurcation for the 1D normal form map, the random forest, and the 1D tent map. This study introduces a novel application of deep learning models to cobweb diagrams and phase portraits, which provides a new perspective for classifying regular and chaotic behaviour. Further, we classified the regular and chaotic behaviour of the 1D tent map and the 2D Lozi map using deep learning models like Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), ResNet50, and ConvLSTM via cobweb diagram and phase portraits, where CNN exhibits better performance than other models. We also classified the chaotic and hyperchaotic behaviour of the 3D piecewise smooth map using deep learning models such as the Feed Forward Neural Network (FNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). We have shown that LSTM performs best for classifying chaotic and hyperchaotic behaviour. Additionally, LSTM outperforms other models in accuracy and computational efficiency, making it highly effective for real-time analysis. Finally, deep learning models such as Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) are used for reconstructing the two-parameter bifurcation charts of 2D normal form map, in which LSTM is more precise than RNN in reconstructing the two-parametric charts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100554,"journal":{"name":"Franklin Open","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142663471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconceptualizing the ventricular-arterial interaction for non-invasive damping modelling: Application in young soccer players and ballet dancers","authors":"Lucía Lemes ,&nbsp;Ricardo L. Armentano ,&nbsp;Ignacio Farro ,&nbsp;Leandro J. Cymberknop","doi":"10.1016/j.fraope.2024.100179","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fraope.2024.100179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The left ventricle (LV) serves as the primary source of mechanical energy in circulation, subsequently converted into kinetic energy throughout the arterial system (AS). Analyzing the specific area within an LV pressure-volume (PV) loop helps characterize the function of the cardiac pump. Simultaneously, the AS functions as a blood reservoir, receiving the blood ejected by the LV. The enclosed area in the AS PV-loop is linked to an energy dissipation process (where not all pressure work is regained), attributed to the viscous function of smooth muscle cells.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The main objective of this work was to investigate wall energy dissipation in the vascular bed in terms of LV and AS PV-loop evaluation, to determine if different types of training could lead to differentiated levels of wall energy dissipation. The ‘coupling concept’ is proposed to be conceived from LV and AS loop energy interaction, quantified by a ‘ventricular-arterial damping factor’ (VADF).</div></div><div><h3>Material and Methods</h3><div>Data from subjects with different kinds of training (soccer players and ballet dancers) were collected noninvasively and compared with a control group of untrained individuals to analyze the differentiating characteristics of the subjects, especially in terms of Stroke Work Dissipation (W_DIS). To this end, a lumped parameters Windkessel (WK) model was proposed for the assessment of LV and AS loops, through an interactive process. Changes in wall energy dissipation were observed under training routines. Both soccer players and ballet dancers showed increased W_DIS and VADF compared to the untrained individuals (p&lt;0.05). However, elastic work (W_EL)_, defined as the difference between LV stroke work and W_DIS, was found to remain constant in ballet dancers, unlike in soccer players.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The WK model enabled the simulation of the interaction between LV and AS based on a ventricular-arterial coupling framework. The findings suggest that higher W_DIS values, together with the preservation of W_EL, may indicate an enhanced protective effect by vascular smooth muscle cells and other wall components, involved in the AS dissipation phenomenon.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100554,"journal":{"name":"Franklin Open","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142663470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reducing electrocardiographic interference in the multichannel electromyogram to help muscle fatigue assessment in low-intensity contractions","authors":"José Dilermando Costa Junior ,&nbsp;José Manoel de Seixas ,&nbsp;Antonio Mauricio Ferreira Leite Miranda de Sá","doi":"10.1016/j.fraope.2024.100177","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fraope.2024.100177","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Surface electromyography (EMG) can be used in the rehabilitation of musculoskeletal disorders, for evaluating the coordination of muscles that stabilize a joint, or as an objective tool in assessing muscle fatigue. This latter may be achieved by evaluating the low-frequency content of the EMG. However, the electrocardiogram (ECG) interference is also recorded when EMG is acquired close to the heart. It may mask or even modify the information of interest in the EMG. Different signal processing techniques have been proposed to eliminate ECG artifacts from the EMG signals, the high-pass filter being the most used one. Nevertheless, this classic filtering approach would also attenuate EMG activities below 30 Hz, which contain information from low-intensity muscle contractions. This work addresses the automatic ECG attenuation when multichannel EMG is collected on the left pectoralis major muscle during a muscle fatigue test. The proposed ECG artifact mitigation extends a successful automatic template subtraction (TS) approach, which does not require an extra reference channel and is now applied to independent EMG source signal components extracted using a blind source separation technique (ICA, Independent Component Analysis). The automatic detection of ECG components was performed through two alternative measures: entropy and Kullback-Leibler divergence. While the ECG interference seems to hamper the detection of muscle fatigue in the low-contraction regime, the association ICA+TS preserved better the EMG low-frequency content, and the entropy-based automatic detection was found to be more suitable, avoiding possible errors that might arise from manual detection procedures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100554,"journal":{"name":"Franklin Open","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142663472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A numerical evaluation of the Finite Monkeys Theorem","authors":"Stephen Woodcock ,&nbsp;Jay Falletta","doi":"10.1016/j.fraope.2024.100171","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fraope.2024.100171","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Infinite Monkeys Theorem has long-established the eventual certainty of the complete works of William Shakespeare being reproduced by a monkey randomly pressing keys on a typewriter. This only considers the infinite limit, with either an infinite number of monkeys and/or an infinite time period of monkey labour. Here, we consider the Finite Monkeys Theorem and look at the probability of a given string being typed by one of a finite number of monkeys within a finite time allocation consistent with estimates for the lifespan of our universe. We also calculate the expected number of keystrokes until a target string would first be produced. Given the expected time until the heat death of the universe, we demonstrate that the widely-accepted conclusion from the Infinite Monkeys Theorem is, in fact, misleading in our finite universe. As such, this places the theorem in a class of probabilistic problems or paradoxes, including the St. Petersburg paradox, Zeno's dichotomy paradox and the Ross–Littlewood paradox wherein the infinite-resource conclusions directly contradict those obtained when considering limited resources, however sizeable.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100554,"journal":{"name":"Franklin Open","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142553698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}