Lucía Lemes , Ricardo L. Armentano , Ignacio Farro , Leandro J. Cymberknop
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The enclosed area in the AS PV-loop is linked to an energy dissipation process (where not all pressure work is regained), attributed to the viscous function of smooth muscle cells.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The main objective of this work was to investigate wall energy dissipation in the vascular bed in terms of LV and AS PV-loop evaluation, to determine if different types of training could lead to differentiated levels of wall energy dissipation. The ‘coupling concept’ is proposed to be conceived from LV and AS loop energy interaction, quantified by a ‘ventricular-arterial damping factor’ (VADF).</div></div><div><h3>Material and Methods</h3><div>Data from subjects with different kinds of training (soccer players and ballet dancers) were collected noninvasively and compared with a control group of untrained individuals to analyze the differentiating characteristics of the subjects, especially in terms of Stroke Work Dissipation (W<sub>DIS</sub>). To this end, a lumped parameters Windkessel (WK) model was proposed for the assessment of LV and AS loops, through an interactive process. Changes in wall energy dissipation were observed under training routines. Both soccer players and ballet dancers showed increased W<sub>DIS</sub> and VADF compared to the untrained individuals (p<0.05). However, elastic work (W<sub>EL</sub>)<sub>,</sub> defined as the difference between LV stroke work and W<sub>DIS</sub>, was found to remain constant in ballet dancers, unlike in soccer players.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The WK model enabled the simulation of the interaction between LV and AS based on a ventricular-arterial coupling framework. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
导言左心室（LV）是循环中机械能的主要来源，随后在整个动脉系统（AS）中转化为动能。分析左心室压力-容积（PV）环路中的特定区域有助于确定心脏泵的功能。同时，AS 起着储血库的作用，接收左心室射出的血液。AS 压力-容积环的封闭区域与能量耗散过程有关（并非所有压力功都能重新获得），这归因于平滑肌细胞的粘性功能。这项工作的主要目的是通过对左心室和 AS 压力-容积环的评估来研究血管床壁的能量耗散，以确定不同类型的训练是否会导致不同程度的血管壁能量耗散。材料和方法 通过无创方式收集了不同训练类型受试者（足球运动员和芭蕾舞演员）的数据，并与未接受训练的对照组进行比较，以分析受试者的差异化特征，尤其是卒中功耗散（WDIS）方面的特征。为此，我们提出了一个集合参数 Windkessel（WK）模型，通过互动过程评估左心室和强直性脊柱炎环路。在训练过程中，观察到了室壁能量耗散的变化。与未经训练的人相比，足球运动员和芭蕾舞演员的 WDIS 和 VADF 都有所增加（p<0.05）。结论 WK 模型基于心室-动脉耦合框架模拟了左心室和 AS 之间的相互作用。研究结果表明，较高的 WDIS 值以及 WEL 的保留可能表明血管平滑肌细胞和其他壁成分的保护作用增强，参与了 AS 消散现象。
Reconceptualizing the ventricular-arterial interaction for non-invasive damping modelling: Application in young soccer players and ballet dancers
Introduction
The left ventricle (LV) serves as the primary source of mechanical energy in circulation, subsequently converted into kinetic energy throughout the arterial system (AS). Analyzing the specific area within an LV pressure-volume (PV) loop helps characterize the function of the cardiac pump. Simultaneously, the AS functions as a blood reservoir, receiving the blood ejected by the LV. The enclosed area in the AS PV-loop is linked to an energy dissipation process (where not all pressure work is regained), attributed to the viscous function of smooth muscle cells.
Objective
The main objective of this work was to investigate wall energy dissipation in the vascular bed in terms of LV and AS PV-loop evaluation, to determine if different types of training could lead to differentiated levels of wall energy dissipation. The ‘coupling concept’ is proposed to be conceived from LV and AS loop energy interaction, quantified by a ‘ventricular-arterial damping factor’ (VADF).
Material and Methods
Data from subjects with different kinds of training (soccer players and ballet dancers) were collected noninvasively and compared with a control group of untrained individuals to analyze the differentiating characteristics of the subjects, especially in terms of Stroke Work Dissipation (WDIS). To this end, a lumped parameters Windkessel (WK) model was proposed for the assessment of LV and AS loops, through an interactive process. Changes in wall energy dissipation were observed under training routines. Both soccer players and ballet dancers showed increased WDIS and VADF compared to the untrained individuals (p<0.05). However, elastic work (WEL), defined as the difference between LV stroke work and WDIS, was found to remain constant in ballet dancers, unlike in soccer players.
Conclusion
The WK model enabled the simulation of the interaction between LV and AS based on a ventricular-arterial coupling framework. The findings suggest that higher WDIS values, together with the preservation of WEL, may indicate an enhanced protective effect by vascular smooth muscle cells and other wall components, involved in the AS dissipation phenomenon.
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