{"title":"On the elastic instability of a simple truss structure subjected to a tensile dead load","authors":"Alfredo Canelas, Ana I. Abreu","doi":"10.1016/j.exco.2024.100165","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exco.2024.100165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There are a significant number of examples of structures that fail due to elastic instability of elements subjected to compressive forces. There are also examples of elastic instability caused by tensile forces, but they are less well known. This paper presents an interesting example of the latter type, whose main feature is its counterintuitive post-critical behavior. In fact, the applied dead load does negative work in the movement from the critical to the post-critical equilibrium configuration. The example admits a complete analytical solution, which makes it ideal for teaching use and as a benchmark problem for testing computational codes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100517,"journal":{"name":"Examples and Counterexamples","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142528944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Small examples of mosaics of combinatorial designs","authors":"Vedran Krčadinac","doi":"10.1016/j.exco.2024.100163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exco.2024.100163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We give the first example of a mosaic of three combinatorial designs with distinct parameters 2-<span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>13</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>, 2-<span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>13</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>, and 2-<span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>13</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>6</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>. Furthermore, we give examples of mosaics of 2-<span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> designs that are not resolvable, thereby answering a question posed by M. Wiese and H. Boche. Finally, we give an example of a mosaic of projective planes of order 3 that cannot be obtained by tiling groups with difference sets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100517,"journal":{"name":"Examples and Counterexamples","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142528855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Whether the singularities are removable in some metrics","authors":"Ting-Han Pei","doi":"10.1016/j.exco.2024.100164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exco.2024.100164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For a long time, the singularities in certain metrics have been problematic and must be removed to avoid unreasonable results in spacetime. Therefore, some new metrics were proposed to eliminate these singularities through coordinate transformations, but they seem not to be workable. In this paper, we re-examine the mathematical structures of the Schwarzschild metric, Reissner-Nordström metric, and Kerr metric. We find that after some transformations, the timelike Eddington-Finkelstein coordinate and the Kruskal-Szekeres coordinates do not delete the singularity problem in the original Schwarzschild metric. It is also true for the tortoise coordinates that it does not solve the singularities at two event horizons in the Kerr metric. After some discussions on those coordinate transformations, a counterexample is given where the singularities are not eliminated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100517,"journal":{"name":"Examples and Counterexamples","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142540290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Counting graphs induced by Gauss diagrams and families of mutant alternating knots","authors":"Alexei Lisitsa , Alexei Vernitski","doi":"10.1016/j.exco.2024.100162","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exco.2024.100162","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The construction known as Gauss diagrams or Gauss words is one of the oldest in knot theory and has been studied extensively both in the context of knots and in the context of closed curves with self-intersections. When we studied graphs induced by Gauss diagrams, we produced all examples of these graphs of small sizes, and we published the number of these graphs as sequence A343358 in the OEIS. The aim of this article is to clarify several subtle theoretical points concerning A343358. Most importantly, we explain why our numbers, produced using graph-theoretical constructions, reflect the number of so-called mutant knots.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100517,"journal":{"name":"Examples and Counterexamples","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142445039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An advection–diffusion equation with a generalized advection term: Well-posedness analysis and examples","authors":"Tetyana Malysheva , Luther W. White","doi":"10.1016/j.exco.2024.100159","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exco.2024.100159","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We consider a Cauchy–Dirichlet problem for a semilinear advection–diffusion equation with a generalized advection term. Specific examples include an incision–diffusion landscape evolution model and a viscous Hamilton–Jacobi equation with an absorbing gradient term. We establish existence and uniqueness of a weak solution and its continuous dependence on initial data and a source term.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100517,"journal":{"name":"Examples and Counterexamples","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142416533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Degree-based topological indices of the idempotent graph of the ring Zn","authors":"Osman Gani Mondal, Sk. Md. Abu Nayeem","doi":"10.1016/j.exco.2024.100161","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exco.2024.100161","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Let <span><math><mi>R</mi></math></span> be a finite commutative ring with a non-zero identity, and <span><math><mrow><mi>I</mi><mi>d</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>R</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> be the set of idempotent elements of <span><math><mi>R</mi></math></span>. The idempotent graph of <span><math><mi>R</mi></math></span>, denoted by <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>G</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>I</mi><mi>d</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>R</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>, is a simple undirected graph with all elements of <span><math><mi>R</mi></math></span> as vertices, and two distinct vertices <span><math><mi>u</mi></math></span>, <span><math><mi>v</mi></math></span> are adjacent if and only if <span><math><mrow><mi>u</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>v</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi>I</mi><mi>d</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>R</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>. In this paper, we consider the idempotent graph of the ring <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>Z</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> and investigate some degree-based topological indices, such as the general sum-connectivity index, the general Randić index, the general Zagreb index, and the Sombor index of that graph by considering the <span><math><mi>M</mi></math></span>-polynomial of the graph.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100517,"journal":{"name":"Examples and Counterexamples","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142438424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Exact solution of a mathematical model for human muscular motion","authors":"Motlatsi Molati","doi":"10.1016/j.exco.2024.100160","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exco.2024.100160","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An ordinary differential equation (ODE) which models human muscular movement is considered. A functional form of the model parameter is specified through the Lie symmetry approach, yielding a different expression from the one derived in the previous study (Kosugi et al., 2019). The Lie point symmetries corresponding to the model parameter are employed for derivation of exact solution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100517,"journal":{"name":"Examples and Counterexamples","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142416532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On Sombor index and graph energy of some chemically important graphs","authors":"Md Selim Reja, Sk. Md. Abu Nayeem","doi":"10.1016/j.exco.2024.100158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exco.2024.100158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sombor index of a graph <span><math><mrow><mi>G</mi><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>V</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>G</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>,</mo><mi>E</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>G</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> is provided by the expression <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mo>∑</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>u</mi><mi>v</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi>E</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>G</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></msub><msqrt><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>u</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msubsup><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>v</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msubsup></mrow></msqrt></mrow></math></span>, where <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> is the degree of the vertex <span><math><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi>V</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>G</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>. The energy of a graph is the quantity given by the total of the absolute values of its adjacency matrix’s eigenvalues. In this article, we improve the relation between the Sombor index and graph energy and derive the relation between them for unicyclic, bicyclic and tricyclic graphs, trees, triangular chain, square cactus chain and hexagonal cactus chain graphs. At last, we find the bounds of graph energy for zigzag and linear hexagonal chains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100517,"journal":{"name":"Examples and Counterexamples","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142356888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Manuel Wegmann , Julius Jeßberger , Gudrun Thäter , Mathias J. Krause
{"title":"Optimal boundary control in a micromixer","authors":"Manuel Wegmann , Julius Jeßberger , Gudrun Thäter , Mathias J. Krause","doi":"10.1016/j.exco.2024.100156","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exco.2024.100156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This work studies mathematical foundations for optimal boundary control of mixers which mix two fluid phases. Existence of optima is proved and the influence of common objective functionals is discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100517,"journal":{"name":"Examples and Counterexamples","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666657X24000223/pdfft?md5=f6459a02db3942e0c3a62e7a8b3cbb8d&pid=1-s2.0-S2666657X24000223-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142272394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comparison of different elastic strain definitions for largely deformed SEI of chemo-mechanically coupled silicon battery particles","authors":"R. Schoof , G.F. Castelli , W. Dörfler","doi":"10.1016/j.exco.2024.100157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exco.2024.100157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Amorphous silicon is a highly promising anode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. Large volume changes of the silicon particle have a critical effect on the surrounding solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) due to repeated fracture and healing during cycling. Based on a thermodynamically consistent chemo-elasto-plastic continuum model we investigate the stress development inside the particle and the SEI. Using the example of a particle with SEI, we apply a higher order finite element method together with a variable-step, variable-order time integration scheme on a nonlinear system of partial differential equations. Starting from a single silicon particle setting, the surrounding SEI is added in a first step with the typically used elastic Green–St-Venant (GSV) strain definition for a purely elastic deformation. For this type of deformation, the definition of the elastic strain is crucial to get reasonable simulation results. In case of the elastic GSV strain, the simulation aborts. We overcome the simulation failure by using the definition of the logarithmic Hencky strain. However, the particle remains unaffected by the elastic strain definitions in the particle domain. Compared to GSV, plastic deformation with the Hencky strain is straightforward to take into account. For the plastic SEI deformation, a rate-independent and a rate-dependent plastic deformation are newly introduced and numerically compared for three half cycles for the example of a radial symmetric particle.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100517,"journal":{"name":"Examples and Counterexamples","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666657X24000235/pdfft?md5=eb47ebf0227fdbfbf64434e6a7ff02b1&pid=1-s2.0-S2666657X24000235-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142228535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}