Evidence-based Healthcare and Public Health最新文献

Healthcare redesign and population health 医疗保健重新设计和人口健康

Evidence-based Healthcare and Public Health Pub Date : 2020-08-19 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0009

Hugh Alderwick, J. Dixon, J. Bibby

引用次数: 0

Populations, values, and health 人口，价值观和健康

Evidence-based Healthcare and Public Health Pub Date : 2020-08-19 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0005

A. Viens

引用次数: 0

Healthcare needs assessment 医疗保健需求评估

Evidence-based Healthcare and Public Health Pub Date : 2020-08-19 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0006

Andrew J. O’shaughnessy, John Wright

{"title":"Healthcare needs assessment","authors":"Andrew J. O’shaughnessy, John Wright","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Healthcare needs assessment is an evaluative process that aims to quantify population needs for healthcare. Need is defined as the capacity to benefit from healthcare. It is characterized by a deficit in health linked to the potential for effective healthcare intervention. The epidemiological approach to needs assessment considers the burden of illness in terms of the incidence, prevalence, and mortality of a disease or health condition. This approach also draws on estimates of clinical and cost effectiveness from systematic reviews of well-designed studies. These estimates can be mapped to existing patterns of service utilization to identify potential gaps in services. Needs assessment should evaluate inequalities in health needs and access to services in key population subgroups. The comparative approach to needs assessment contrasts locally derived estimates with data from comparator areas as well as national benchmarks and other normative data. The corporate approach engages with stakeholders, including service providers and patients, to understand their perspectives and concerns. Epidemiological, corporate, and comparative assessments of need should be summarized to make quantified recommendations for changes to existing services, informing the development of a business case, and being integrated into service commissioning.","PeriodicalId":100513,"journal":{"name":"Evidence-based Healthcare and Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84649879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Knowledge management 知识管理

Evidence-based Healthcare and Public Health Pub Date : 2020-08-19 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0008

A. Molloy

引用次数: 0

Programme budgeting and marginal analysis, and developing a business case for a new service 项目预算和边际分析，为新服务开发商业案例

Evidence-based Healthcare and Public Health Pub Date : 2020-08-19 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0010

E. Winrow, R. Edwards

引用次数: 0

Digital healthcare public health 数字医疗公共卫生

Evidence-based Healthcare and Public Health Pub Date : 2020-08-19 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0015

M. Gulliford, E. Jessop, L. Yardley

{"title":"Digital healthcare public health","authors":"M. Gulliford, E. Jessop, L. Yardley","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"New digital technologies are having important impacts on the practice of public health and the organization and delivery of healthcare. Developments in information technology ensure that public health information is now available in more timely and accessible formats; data linkage has enriched public health information by making it possible to analyse multiple data sources simultaneously; and the use of smart devices and smart cards is generating even larger data resources that may be utilized for public health benefit. Computationally intensive approaches, derived from machine learning and artificial intelligence research, can be employed to develop algorithms that may efficiently automate healthcare-related tasks that previously relied on human analytical capabilities. Prediction modelling and risk stratification are being developed to promote precision public health. Increasing population coverage, with smartphones and other smart devices, makes it possible to deliver health-related interventions remotely, blurring the distinction between healthcare and public health. The availability of social media makes the exchange of knowledge and opinion more open, but this may also contribute to the propagation of false information that may be detrimental to public health. Public health needs to embrace and understand these developments in order to be at the forefront in harnessing these new technologies to improve population health and reduce inequalities. This must be accompanied by awareness of some of the ethical challenges of big-data analysis, the potential limitations of new analytical techniques, the relevance of behavioural science in understanding the human–machine interface, and the importance of critical evaluation in an era of rapid change.","PeriodicalId":100513,"journal":{"name":"Evidence-based Healthcare and Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80207114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Concluding remarks 结束语

Evidence-based Healthcare and Public Health Pub Date : 2020-08-19 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0017

E. Jessop, M. Gulliford

引用次数: 0

Access to healthcare 获得医疗保健

Evidence-based Healthcare and Public Health Pub Date : 2020-08-19 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0007

M. Gulliford

{"title":"Access to healthcare","authors":"M. Gulliford","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Access to healthcare is concerned with the processes of gaining entry to the healthcare system. Analysis of access focuses on inequality and inequity in the availability and use of health services. In order to address global inequalities in access to healthcare, international organizations have promoted access to healthcare as a human right. This is linked to the ideal of universal health coverage, with shared funding of some or all healthcare for everyone, as a key strategy for achieving this. At a national level, rational strategies for resource allocation and priority setting are used to promote equity of access in terms of equal access for equal need, but historical inequalities based on the ‘inverse care law’ have been resistant to change. In health systems led by primary care, access to a general practitioner (GP) tends to reduce inequalities in ‘entry’ access to the health system, but the gatekeeping role of GPs may contribute to the development of inequalities of ‘in-system’ access. Wide variations in the utilization of both primary and secondary care services are indicative of access inequalities, but these variations may sometimes reflect clinical uncertainty or poor-quality care. Access inequalities may also arise from personal, social, and cultural barriers experienced by patients in accessing healthcare. These barriers typically represent more severe obstacles for marginalized groups in the population. Promoting equity means ensuring that services are responsive and acceptable to all groups, including those with stigmatized conditions.","PeriodicalId":100513,"journal":{"name":"Evidence-based Healthcare and Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87563638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Perspectives on healthcare quality and safety 对医疗保健质量和安全的看法

Evidence-based Healthcare and Public Health Pub Date : 2020-08-19 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0012

S. Russ, N. Sevdalis

{"title":"Perspectives on healthcare quality and safety","authors":"S. Russ, N. Sevdalis","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter offers an introduction to the recently developed applied health science fields of patient safety, improvement, and implementation sciences. Healthcare is a high-risk activity because of the complexity of its systems and processes. Errors arise frequently and these can impact negatively on patients by causing adverse events. Errors and adverse events are generally attributable to defective systems for organizing care, which create conditions in which errors arise. This represents a failure of risk management. Patient safety science takes a scientific approach to understanding why errors occur and how to prevent their occurrence or minimize their impact. Learning from analysis of patient safety incidents, through root-cause analysis, enables an organization or service to learn and avoid repeating similar failures in the future. Patient safety incidents represent one aspect of the wider problem of poor-quality care. Improvement science offers standardized tools and measurements that can be used to monitor and improve healthcare delivery. The Model for Improvement employs repeated Plan–Do–Study–Act (PDSA) cycles to quantify problems and to develop and test potential solutions. Engagement with stakeholders is an essential part of this process. Implementation science can contribute by providing methods to promote the uptake of new research evidence into healthcare practice. It can address the second translational gap by facilitating the widespread adoption of strategies for improving health-related processes and outcomes, and advancing knowledge on how best to replicate intervention effects from trials into real-world settings. These new scientific fields provide well-established approaches to addressing some of the key problems arising in healthcare. Modern public health needs to reap the benefits of these newly emerged sciences to address the burden of adverse events and harm that arises in the delivery of healthcare and to promote evidence-based practice.","PeriodicalId":100513,"journal":{"name":"Evidence-based Healthcare and Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79557603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Promoting equity through health services 通过卫生服务促进公平

Evidence-based Healthcare and Public Health Pub Date : 2020-08-19 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0003

B. Burström

引用次数: 1