Yangyang Yang , Gang Nie , Jingxiu Bi , Panpan Zhang , Pengwei Huo
{"title":"Agitation-intensified sonochemistry for water disinfection","authors":"Yangyang Yang , Gang Nie , Jingxiu Bi , Panpan Zhang , Pengwei Huo","doi":"10.1016/j.esi.2025.05.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esi.2025.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sonochemistry has been widely investigated in sterilization, while the high energy input hinders the translation from a lab-scale study into practical applications. In this work, a low-power and low-frequency ultrasonic cleaner was coupled with mechanical agitation to reduce the energy barriers for the evolution of cavitation bubbles. Then, hydroxyl radicals (<sup>•</sup>OH) was generated at the interface upon the collapse of cavitation bubbles. We discovered that a rise of agitation speed will accelerate the production of <sup>•</sup>OH, leading to remarkably improved <em>Escherichia coli</em> (<em>E. coli</em>) inactivation efficiency. During <em>E. coli</em> treatment, cell envelopes were initially attacked by <sup>•</sup>OH. Then, cytoplasm was released into the solution, remaining the empty <em>E. coli</em> cells. Radical oxidation and thermal decomposition by interior hotspot region synergistically remove the carbon organic matter of the liquid. In addition, the side byproduct of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> generated via the self-quenching of two hydroxyl radicals will be removed by MnO<sub>2</sub> catalysts in the treated effluent, proposing a continuous series design combined purification of carbon organic matter with H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> removal. This study presents a simple strategy to promote the low-energy sonochemistry-based antibacterial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100486,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"3 ","pages":"Pages 176-182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144204837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimization method of supercritical water treatment of oily sludge based on double constraints of treatment efficiency and energy consumption","authors":"Peng Zhang , Xinbao Xu , Jing Liu , Xiaoming Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.esi.2025.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esi.2025.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The high energy consumption of supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) technology is a major constraint on its industrial application. Existing studies have predominantly focused on treatment efficiency, lacking energy consumption evaluation methods and optimization of operational parameters based on energy usage. This study experimentally investigates the reaction sensitivity and interactions of temperature, oxidation coefficient, time, and pressure in the SCWO of oily sludge. The results show that temperature has the strongest reaction sensitivity for treatment efficiency, while the effect of pressure can be neglected. Enhancing another operating parameter within any given range of one operating parameter will promote the reaction. Additionally, a dual-constraint reaction prediction model, coupling treatment efficiency with energy consumption, was developed. Results show that temperature not only determines the endothermic heating of the reaction but also influences exothermic oxidation and thermal recovery through its effect on treatment efficiency. The optimal operating parameters for maximum COD removal efficiency (CRE) and minimum energy consumption were found to be <em>T</em> = 766 K, OC= 2.59, and <em>t</em> = 318 s, resulting in a CRE of 99.41 % and a theoretical energy consumption (<em>Q</em><sub>th</sub>) of 85.99 kJ. These findings provide critical insights for the industrial application of SCWO technology in treating oily sludge.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100486,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"3 ","pages":"Pages 275-287"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hydrothermal synthesis of BiFe2O4 heterostructure for photodegradation of dye and biological implications","authors":"Sahana Nagarakere Chandranna , Dhananjay Purushotham , Abhilash Mavinakere Ramesh , Srikantaswamy Shivanna","doi":"10.1016/j.esi.2024.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esi.2024.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The extensive use of dyes in the textile industry can be hazardous to human health. Commonly used organic dyes are dangerous and non-biodegradable, which greatly increases the contamination of industrial effluent. Because of their smaller size, greater surface area, and wider band gap, nano-sized metal oxides have drawn interest in heterogeneous photocatalysis as a solution to this problem. These substances are essential for the deterioration of dyes, especially when exposed to sunlight. Within this framework, the investigation aimed to clarify the photocatalytic effectiveness of nanoscale metal oxides by using hydrothermally synthesised bismuth ferrite (BiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) nanoparticles. The evaluation focused on how the organic dye molecule degraded in the presence of sun radiation. The materials based on BiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, which are recognized for their multi-ferroic characteristics, showed encouraging outcomes for quick photocatalytic degradation. The outcomes showed that organic dyes might be photo degraded under solar light irradiation with remarkable efficiency. Additionally, the BiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> hetrostructure showed promise in the removal of lead (Pb), Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and chromium (Cr). The spectroscopic characterization techniques that were employed to investigate the physical properties of the synthesised nanoparticles included X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), UV-Vis spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Raman spectroscopy. The characterization analysis confirmed the structure, shape, functional group, and optical properties of NPs. Using antimicrobial assays, the study also investigated the biological activity of the synthesised compounds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100486,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"3 ","pages":"Pages 24-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142721828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Younes Dehmani , Dison S.P. Franco , Jordana Georgin , Redouane Mghaiouini , Bouchra Ba Mohammed , Rachid Kacimi , Taibi Lamhasni , Eder C. Lima , Noureddine El Messaoudi , Abouarnadasse Sadik
{"title":"Towards a deeper understanding of the adsorption of methyl orange on a commercial activated carbon: Study of impact factors, isotherm and mechanism","authors":"Younes Dehmani , Dison S.P. Franco , Jordana Georgin , Redouane Mghaiouini , Bouchra Ba Mohammed , Rachid Kacimi , Taibi Lamhasni , Eder C. Lima , Noureddine El Messaoudi , Abouarnadasse Sadik","doi":"10.1016/j.esi.2025.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esi.2025.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the use of commercially available activated carbon for the removal of methyl orange from aqueous solutions. The main characteristics of the activated carbon are as follows: BET specific surface area: 641 m²/g; Pore volume: 0.28 cm³ /g; Microporous nature: More than 70 % of the total pore volume are micropores. A systematic approach was adopted to analyze how factors such as contact time, initial pH of the solution, and temperature influence carbon adsorption capacity. A maximum removal capacity value of 100 mg/g with an elimination rate exceeding 98 %. The adsorption behavior of methyl orange was modeled with the statistical physical modeling of the adsorption process using the single trainer model, which provided a better understanding of the adsorption mechanism of methyl orange on activated carbon. This suggests that activated carbon can be an effective adsorbent for the removal of colored compounds from water. The experimental isothermal results encourage the use of this material in the treatment of industrial tannery effluents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100486,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"3 ","pages":"Pages 103-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143518989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Facile preparation of tannic acid functionalized phosphogypsum for efficient removal of heavy metal in wastewater","authors":"Wei Hu, Juan Zhang, Jinyi Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.esi.2025.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esi.2025.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phosphogypsum (PG) as a by-product is produced by the industrial wet phosphoric acid production process. The environmental-friendly disposal and recycling of PG holds significant importance within the domain of solid waste management. In this research, due to its unique property of versatile molecular glue and the strong metal-chelating ability, polyphenol tannic acid (TA) was employed as an organic modifier to functionalize inert PG to prepare TA@PG adsorbent for effective removal of heavy metal in wastewater. The morphology, structure, thermal stability and surface charge of TA@PG adsorbent was characterized and tested. The effects of adsorption conditions, adsorption isotherms and adsorption kinetics were also studied in detail. In addition, the adsorption mechanisms were also discussed by XPS analysis, which might involve in electrostatic interaction, ion exchange and complexation interaction. The prepared TA@PG adsorbent exhibited excellent adsorption performance with removal rate up to 100% and maximum adsorption capacity up to 221.72 mg·g<sup>−1</sup> for heavy metal Cr (VI). The adsorbent preparation method in this study is simple, cost-effective, environmental-friendly without using organic solvent. It holds significant promise for large-scale production. This study provides a novel approach for the resource utilization of industrial solid waste PG, achieving the dual objectives of waste recycling and value addition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100486,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"3 ","pages":"Pages 122-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143705357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A novel dynamic biosorption kinetic model based on reactions on the biosorbent surface for biosorption of heavy metal copper by non-living biomass waste tea leaves","authors":"Manami Yanaka, Shiori Nagoya, Yoshinori Kawase","doi":"10.1016/j.esi.2025.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esi.2025.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel dynamic biosorption kinetic model was developed by taking account of reactions occurring on the biosorbent surface and applied to quantify the biosorption process of heavy metal copper (Cu) using non-living biomass biosorbent waste tea leaves. The proposed kinetic model is based on the surface complexation mechanism on the surface of waste tea leaves, which consists of two steps, i.e., Step 1: the deprotonation of functional groups and Step 2: the formation of biosorbate complexes with deprotonated functional groups, and the surface precipitation mechanisms. Batch experiments of Cu(II) removal using waste tea leaves were conducted to examine the effects of operating parameters such as initial Cu(II) concentration and solution pH on the dynamic biosorption kinetics of Cu(II). The biosorption capability was found to be relatively low at highly acidic solution pH and intensified with increasing pH. After the Cu(II) removal reached the maximum biosorption capability at pH 5, it was suppressed at a higher solution pH. With increasing solution pH, the number of negatively charged active sites increased due to the facilitation of the deprotonation of functional groups on the surface of waste tea leaves. As a result, the biosorption of Cu(II) through the surface complexation mechanism was further promoted. When the solution pH exceeded 5, the proportion of Cu<sup>2 +</sup> in the solution decreased and the contribution of surface precipitation of Cu(OH)<sub>2</sub> dominated. The proposed biosorption kinetic model based on surface complexation and surface precipitation mechanisms could reasonably simulate the dynamic kinetic of Cu(II) biosorption by waste tea leaves.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100486,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"3 ","pages":"Pages 90-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143453420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Electrochemical detection of congo red dye and its complete removal from wastewater by photocatalytic and adsorption methods","authors":"Farah Gul, Afzal Shah","doi":"10.1016/j.esi.2025.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esi.2025.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For safeguarding water dwelling organisms and public health, it is an environmental and social obligation to detect and remove toxic dyes from polluted water. With this consideration, the current work presents the detection and removal of a representative dye (congo red) of the azo class. The detection objective was achieved by the designing of an electrochemical sensor comprising of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) loaded over the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE). While the removal objective was achieved by using graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets as adsorbent and BaO nanoparticles as photocatalyst. The designed sensing platform was found highly sensitive for congo red detection as authenticated by the LOD value of 0.1 nM. Congo red was photocatalytically removed from wastewater using BaO nanoparticles. The photocatalytic degradation led to 95 % removal in 90 minutes under acidic conditions. Adsorption method was also used for wastewater purification from congo red. The adsorption results leading to 100 % removal of the dye were modeled to assess the mechanisms and kinetics of adsorption. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were employed to characterize both modified and bare glassy carbon electrodes. The CV results demonstrated that the modified GCE exhibited a larger surface area compared to the unmodified GCE, while the EIS revealed efficient charge transfer through MWCNTs/GCE as compared to the bare GCE. This research presents the first report on a sensing platform that combines adsorptive and photocatalytic methods, for efficient sensing and complete removal of congo red dye from wastewater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100486,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"3 ","pages":"Pages 163-175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144099188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mehdi Eisapour , Rui Huang , Tayebeh Roostaei , Heng Zhao , Jinguang Hu , Zhangxing Chen
{"title":"Sandwich-like heterojunction of NiO-Ni-TiO2 for simultaneous production of hydrogen and value-added products from glycerol photoreforming","authors":"Mehdi Eisapour , Rui Huang , Tayebeh Roostaei , Heng Zhao , Jinguang Hu , Zhangxing Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.esi.2024.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esi.2024.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Achieving sustainable solar energy conversion and storage can be achieved using an alternative approach, namely photocatalytic hydrogen generation. However, the heightened cost of producing green hydrogen is attributed to the nonselective oxidation of sacrificial agents. In this work, a strategic design of a bifunctional photocatalyst that can concurrently produce hydrogen and generate value-added compounds from glycerol is demonstrated. A p-n heterojunction photocatalyst is firstly fabricated by loading NiO nanoparticles onto TiO<sub>2</sub> with different morphologies to examine their effect on hydrogen production performance and glycerol conversion. Then, sandwich-like heterojunction of NiO-Ni-TiO<sub>2</sub> was synthesized by in-situ thermal treatment of NiO-TiO<sub>2</sub> p-n junction. The formation of a collaborative Schottky and p-n (SPN) heterojunction significantly enhances charge separation efficiency, thereby, boosting the activity of glycerol photoreforming to produce hydrogen together with valuable chemicals. By optimizing the morphology and Ni-NiO ratio, approximately 24500 µmolh<sup>−1</sup>g<sup>−1</sup> of hydrogen was delivered together with 58 % of glycerol conversion into dihydroxyacetone and glyceraldehyde. This present work demonstrates a notable illustration of the rational design of bifunctional photocatalyst for solar-driven coproduction of hydrogen and value-added chemicals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100486,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"3 ","pages":"Pages 46-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143181560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kabiru Haruna , Abdulrahman Musa , Muhammad Abubakar Lawal , Zahradeen Muhammad , Tawfik A. Saleh
{"title":"Experimental and DFT study of the corrosion inhibition potential of expired diclofenac potassium on stainless steel in hydrochloric acid solution","authors":"Kabiru Haruna , Abdulrahman Musa , Muhammad Abubakar Lawal , Zahradeen Muhammad , Tawfik A. Saleh","doi":"10.1016/j.esi.2025.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esi.2025.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates, for the first time, the efficacy of expired diclofenac potassium (DFP) as a corrosion inhibitor for 304 L stainless steel in 1 M HCl, mimicking industrial acid cleaning conditions. A comprehensive evaluation combining weight loss analyses, electrochemical analyses at varying temperatures (25, 40, and 60 °C), and advanced surface characterization (SEM, EDS, 3D profilometry, FTIR). DFP revealed about 90 % inhibition efficiency at a concentration of 500 ppm at all the studied temperatures. DFP acted as a mixed-type inhibitor, adhering to the Langmuir isotherm and forming a uniform protective monolayer. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations indicated synergistic physisorption and chemisorption, with electron transfer primarily involving the aromatic and amine regions of the molecule. This dual adsorption mechanism was supported by HOMO, LUMO, and MEP analyses. The robust inhibition performance, coupled with the potential for repurposing expired pharmaceuticals, highlights DFP as a cost-effective, eco-friendly alternative for corrosion prevention in pipelines, heat exchangers, and desalination systems, aligning industrial and environmental priorities. This study demonstrates the dual advantages of utilizing expired pharmaceuticals for industrial corrosion prevention, emphasizing both economic and ecological benefits. The integration of experimental and computational methods ensures a thorough understanding of DFP’s inhibition capabilities</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100486,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"3 ","pages":"Pages 134-145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143839047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hanyuan Huang , Jing Wang , Zhijian Xiao , Jialin Li , Mingshan Zhu , Yang Yun , Jingling Yang
{"title":"Na-doped nitride-rich carbon nitride for efficient photocatalytic NO abatement","authors":"Hanyuan Huang , Jing Wang , Zhijian Xiao , Jialin Li , Mingshan Zhu , Yang Yun , Jingling Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.esi.2024.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esi.2024.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nitride-rich carbon nitride (C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>5</sub>) is gaining prominence as a substantial catalyst for photocatalytic reaction because of its narrow bandgap, extensive light responsiveness, and photocatalytic stability. To enhance the efficiency of photogenerated carrier separation in C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>5</sub>, we propose a strategy for Na-doped modification. Photocatalytic NO removal efficiency of C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>5</sub>/Na achieved 73.9 % under 15 % relative humidity, which is 3.5 times higher than that of C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>5</sub>. Besides, the NO removal efficiency of C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>5</sub>/Na maintained above 70 % even after six cycles under different relative humidities. Detailed analytical characterization revealed that Na doping of C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>5</sub> not only increased its specific surface area by 5.5-fold but also modulated its energy band structure and molecular structure, leading to improved hole-carrier separation efficiency and enhancing the photocatalytic performance of C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>5</sub>/Na. ESR and reactive species trapping experiments confirmed that electrons and superoxide are the main reactive species, and modulation of the energy band structure accelerates the reaction. This work explains the effect of Na doping on C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>5</sub> and provides a new strategy for designing efficient for photocatalytic treatment of air pollution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100486,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"2 ","pages":"Pages 41-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}