Environmental Surfaces and Interfaces最新文献

{"title":"Enhancement of the surface properties of oil palm calyx biomass by redox initiated graft copolymerization with methacrylic acid for the adsorption of dyes","authors":"Vincent Olukayode Oninla ,&nbsp;Kehinde Nurudeen Awokoya ,&nbsp;Gabriel Ogunsola Orodepo ,&nbsp;Jonathan Oyebamiji Babalola ,&nbsp;Ebenezer Oluwole Bankefa ,&nbsp;Toluwalope Deborah Okunjoyo ,&nbsp;Thelma Udoh","doi":"10.1016/j.esi.2024.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esi.2024.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Modified biomass from oil palm calyx, an agro-waste, was utilized for the removal of methylene blue (MB) and malachite green (MG) from industrial effluent mimic. Graft copolymerization technique was adopted for the modification process, using methacrylic acid as the functional monomer and Fenton’s reagent as the initiator. Optimum grafting condition was established by varying the Fenton’s reagent composition, grafting time, temperature and biomass mass. About 30 % grafting yield was attained at a 1:200 [Fe²⁺]/[H₂O₂] Fenton’s reagent composition, 60℃, 60 min and 1 g biomass mass. Characterization results indicated a successful incorporation of carbonyl group (C<img>O), from the carboxyl group of methacrylic acid, on the surface of the biomass material. Adsorption process showed high dye removal efficiency (over 98 %) at pH 6, 30 mg/L concentration, 90 min and, 50 mg copolymer mass. The sorption data best followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (with R² &gt; 0.93) and the Redlich-Peterson isotherm (R² &gt; 0.94). The negative ΔGº values, obtained at 303 – 333 K for the sorption of MB and MG, indicated feasibility and spontaneity, while those of ΔHº and ΔSº were indication of exothermicity and a process occurring with reduction in randomness at the dye/copolymer interface. Aggregation of the outcome of the various tests portrayed the copolymer as an adsorbent of high physicochemical qualities with good dye adsorbing efficiency. This submission, thereby, highlights the advantages of graft copolymerization technique in the improvement of adsorbent’s properties for wastewater treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100486,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"3 ","pages":"Pages 33-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143181559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive study of a novel surfactant-free microemulsion including amyl acetate / ethanol / water: Simulation, properties and its applications in solubilization and material preparation","authors":"Ying Han ,&nbsp;Wenjiao Liu ,&nbsp;Ning Pan ,&nbsp;Shuhui Liu ,&nbsp;Akiko Nakabayashi ,&nbsp;Jinling Chai ,&nbsp;Yan Zhang ,&nbsp;Dejie Li","doi":"10.1016/j.esi.2025.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esi.2025.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>How to improve the performance of synthesized materials through solvent design has always been a challenge in the field of nanomaterials. In this work, a novel surfactant-free microemulsion (SFME) containing amyl acetate, ethanol and water was selected as a typical solvent system, and ZnO was synthesized as a representative nanomaterial. A comprehensive and in-depth exploration was carried out by combining theoretical and experimental methods. Dissipative particle dynamics simulation was used to predict the formation of SFME, and the microstructures can be clearly exhibited. Then the ternary phase diagram of SFME was plotted, and the solubilizations of CoCl₂ and riboflavin in the SFME were investigated to verify the microstructures of SFME, which is consistent with the simulation results. Further, water in oil SFME was used as a probe to investigate the synthetic template effect. The influences of reaction time and temperature on the growth mechanism of ZnO were revealed. Methylene blue can be degraded more than 90 % in 70 min by the synthesized nanomaterial, which is better than other photocatalysts. It is expected that this work can provide some inspiration and ideas for the expansion of SFME application and the improvement of nanomaterial performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100486,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"3 ","pages":"Pages 196-207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145104833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth of CuO rods on kanthal coil via direct heating for photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B","authors":"Chee Meng Koe ,&nbsp;Swee-Yong Pung ,&nbsp;Sumiyyah Sabar ,&nbsp;Anwar Ul-Hamid ,&nbsp;Wai Kian Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.esi.2025.01.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esi.2025.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces a novel direct heating (DH) method for immobilizing Cu₂O and CuO nanomaterials onto kanthal coils, offering a scalable and efficient approach to photocatalyst synthesis. The coil achieved 100 % surface coverage within 4–8 min heating duration. Both the Cu₂O and CuO phases are present, and each has a narrow band gap, making them effective reductive photocatalysts. The CuO/coil prepared at 40 W heating power for 8 minutes exhibited Cu₂O particles (1666.67 ± 727.78 nm) and CuO rods (77.77 ± 19.08 nm in diameter), achieving a 21.01 % degradation efficiency for RhB dye under UV light. Despite agglomeration of Cu₂O particles limiting active sites, this method demonstrates simplicity and rapid synthesis compared to conventional techniques. Reusability tests revealed a decline in removal efficiency to 13.24 % after three cycles, attributed to photocatalyst detachment and dye accumulation on active sites. Addressing these challenges with improved adhesion and surface optimization could enhance long-term performance. The DH method shows strong potential for industrial wastewater treatment, offering a cost-effective and scalable solution for degrading organic pollutants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100486,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"3 ","pages":"Pages 77-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143387810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review of fluoride removal using low-cost adsorbents for environmental and industrial applications","authors":"Siyu Zhou ,&nbsp;Xingwen Chen ,&nbsp;Qian Li ,&nbsp;Lei Huang ,&nbsp;Xiaoyi Qiu ,&nbsp;Jia Yan ,&nbsp;Hongguo Zhang ,&nbsp;Qinhao Zheng ,&nbsp;Qiang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.esi.2025.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esi.2025.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fluoride is one of the essential trace elements for the human body. However, excessive intake can lead to skeletal disorders and seriously affect the growth and development of plants and animals, posing significant threats to human health. This review systematically summarizes over 100 recent studies from the past decade on the use of low-cost materials for fluoride removal via adsorption. Key aspects such as influencing factors, adsorption kinetics, isotherm models, and underlying mechanisms are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the potential applications of low-cost adsorbents in environmental remediation, resource recovery, and industrial processes are critically assessed. This review provides valuable insights for researchers in related fields and offers practical references for advancing the application of low-cost mineral-based technologies for fluoride removal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100486,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"3 ","pages":"Pages 146-162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Degradation of naproxen and diclofenac from aqueous solutions via catalytic activation of peroxymonosulfate using MMT@CuFe2O4","authors":"Mohammad Reza Zare ,&nbsp;Nezamaddin Mengelizadeh ,&nbsp;Zeinab Alizadeh ,&nbsp;Morteza khodadadi Saloot ,&nbsp;Mohammad Darvishmotevalli ,&nbsp;Fatemeh Kazemi ,&nbsp;Abdolrasoul Rahmani ,&nbsp;Zeinab Habibi","doi":"10.1016/j.esi.2025.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esi.2025.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The presence of naproxen (NPX) and diclofenac (DCF) in aquatic environments poses a serious threat to ecosystems and human health due to their persistence and biological activity. Conventional treatment methods often fail to completely remove these pollutants, highlighting the need for efficient and environmentally friendly alternatives. In this study, a novel copper ferrite-loaded montmorillonite (MMT@CuFe₂O₄) composite was synthesized and applied in peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation to degrade NPX and DCF. Structural analyses confirmed the successful fabrication of the catalyst, featuring a surface area of 43.55 m²/g, an average pore diameter of 11.89 nm, and a particle size of 12.50 nm. Response surface methodology (RSM) with ANOVA results (R² &gt; 0.89, p &lt; 0.0001) effectively described the influence and interaction of operational parameters. Optimal conditions (pH 9, PMS dosage 1.497 mM, reaction time 21.95 min, pollutant concentration 5 mg/L, and catalyst dosage 151.64 mg/L) yielded removal efficiencies of 99.91 % for DCF and 95.41 % for NPX. The inhibitory effect of anions on pollutant removal followed the order: phosphate &gt; sulfate &gt; nitrate &gt; bicarbonate &gt; chloride. More than 80 % mineralization and a BOD₅/COD ratio &gt; 0.4 confirmed conversion to biodegradable products, with m-xylene, 2-oxopropanoic acid, and indolin-2-one identified as the final degradation intermediates. Toxicity assessment using plant growth indicated a relative growth rate of 95.19 %. Radical quenching experiments revealed that ¹O₂, O₂^•-, ^•OH, and SO₄^•- were the main reactive species. The reaction stoichiometric efficiency (RSE⁾ of PMS was evaluated for various activation methods, with the MMT@CuFe₂O₄ catalyst showing the highest efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100486,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"3 ","pages":"Pages 208-223"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145104834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient activation of PMS via sandwich-like N-encapsulated cobalt-doped MXene composites: Structural properties and degradation mechanisms","authors":"Haixia He ,&nbsp;Dihao Bai ,&nbsp;Zidu Yan ,&nbsp;Lei Sun ,&nbsp;Danyi Shao ,&nbsp;Xiangjuan Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.esi.2025.03.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esi.2025.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Iopamidol (IPM), a widely used iodinated contrast agent, has been increasingly detected as an environmental pollutant, raising concerns due to its persistence and potential ecological and health risks. To address this issue, various amounts of Co with nitrogen coating were <em>in-situ</em> decorated on the surface of Ti₃C₂T_x MXene nanosheets (denoted as C_xMN) to efficiently activate of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for degradation of IPM. The C_xMN composites were thoroughly characterized, revealing that the introduction of Co increased the interlayer spacing of C_xMN and give it a sandwich-like appearance. The C_0.2MN catalyst, with a balanced Co doping amount, demonstrated superior performance in activating PMS. Under a wide range of pH, 99.8 % of IPM was degraded in 10 min with <em>k</em>_<em>obs</em> of 0.3439 min⁻¹ in C_0.2MN /PMS system. Quenching experiments, EPR analysis, and XPS characterization revealed hydroxyl radical (^•OH), sulfate radical (SO₄^•－), singlet oxygen (¹O₂) as the major reactive species responsible for the degradation of IPM in the C_0.2MN/PMS system, formed through the co-action of (i) Co³⁺/Co²⁺ redox cycle, (ii) O_V, (iii) Co⁴⁺, and (iv) MXene support. The degradation pathways of IPM were proposed based on the identification of its intermediates in C_0.2MN/PMS system and the DFT calculations. Additionally, the ecotoxicity of IPM and its intermediates was evaluated using ECOSAR model. Furthermore, C_0.2MN demonstrated excellent stability and reusability after four cycling experiments, and the long-term applicability of C_0.2MN/PMS system was comprehensively estimated in fixed-bed column experiments. This research has significant potential for water treatment and pollutant removal applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100486,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"3 ","pages":"Pages 112-121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-dimensional MoS2/graphene aerogel-driven visible-light photocatalysis assisted by persulfate or hydrogen peroxide for rapid degradation of tetracycline","authors":"Chinmayee Das ,&nbsp;Tajamul Shafi ,&nbsp;Brajesh Kumar Dubey ,&nbsp;Shamik Chowdhury","doi":"10.1016/j.esi.2025.01.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esi.2025.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integration of various advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) can provide an optimal balance between treatment efficiency and duration, ensuring that wastewater is adequately treated while minimizing costs and maximizing operational performance. In this study, heterogeneous photocatalysis using a molybdenum disulfide/graphene aerogel (MGA) composite was integrated with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) or persulfate (PS)-assisted AOPs to remove tetracycline (TC), a commonly detected antibiotic contaminant in aquatic environments. Specifically, the study assessed the effects of operating parameters, such as PS/H₂O₂ concentration, pH, initial pollutant concentration, catalyst dose, and the presence of inorganic anions on TC removal in a systematic manner. It was found that the MGA/PS system exhibited significantly greater degradation activity compared to MGA/H₂O₂, pure MGA, PS, and H₂O₂ alone. Notably, the MGA/PS system achieved complete removal of TC within 60 min of visible-light irradiation under optimized conditions. Furthermore, an average TC removal rate of approximately 85.5 % was observed in real wastewater during the same reaction period. This enhancement was attributed to PS facilitating the generation of free radicals and acting as an electron acceptor, which reduced the recombination of photoinduced charge carriers, thereby improving electron–hole separation efficiency. The outcomes of this study provide valuable insights for developing highly effective techniques for treating antibiotic-laden wastewater through the integration of MGA with PS-based AOPs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100486,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"3 ","pages":"Pages 65-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143181558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biofilm research advances from an innovative bibliometric method","authors":"Shan Chen ,&nbsp;Yuanzhao Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.esi.2025.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esi.2025.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biofilms are microorganisms attached to surfaces and embedded within a self-produced extracellular polymeric substance, acting as a protective matrix. They play a crucial role in environmental surfaces and interfaces. Beneficial biofilms, such as those in biofilm reactors, aid in pollutant removal from water, while harmful biofilms contribute to infections, such as lung infections. Given the significance of biofilm research, mapping its scientific landscape is essential. Traditional bibliometric tools like VOSviewer provide visually clear analyses but have limitations in their depth. This study introduces a new bibliometric approach using an R-based package, a key finding of which is that it offers more detailed and insightful information than VOSviewer. Utilizing this method, the study comprehensively summarizes beneficial biofilms and their applications, as well as harmful biofilms and their associated health risks. Additionally, the study examines future research directions, highlighting the potential integration of big data and machine learning into biofilm research, which could significantly enhance analytical capabilities and foster innovation in this field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100486,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"3 ","pages":"Pages 183-190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesize and applications of green custard apples leaves biosorbents for adsorptions of sulphates and fluorides from water","authors":"Subhashish Dey,&nbsp;G.T.N. Veerendra,&nbsp;A.V. Phani Manoj,&nbsp;Siva Shanmukha Anjaneya Babu Padavala,&nbsp;A.H.L. Swaroop","doi":"10.1016/j.esi.2024.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esi.2024.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Industrial and domestic waste water release sulphur and fluoride metals into the water, thereby polluting the environment and affecting the humans and animals health. There are various techniques are available for eliminating sulphates and fluorides found in the water. Among these techniques, biosorption is a simple, cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach for removing the sulphates and fluorides from water. Biosorption is a physiochemical process that physically produces in specific biomass, enabling it to passively concentrate and bind sulphates and fluorides to its cellular structure. The custard apple leaf biosorbents are among the most effective biosorbents for the removal of fluorides and sulphates from water. In the experimental work observed that the using of 5.6 g dosage of custard apple leaf biosorbents, successfully removed the sulphates and fluorides from water and a stable condition was reached. The optimal sorption of sulphur and fluoride over custard apple leaves biosorbents was achieved at a basic pH of 4–8, a concentration of 4.3 g, contact time of 60 min, temperature of 25°C, and an agitation speed of 100 rpm. The particles present in custard apple leaves biosorbents have a size of 3.26 µm and crystallite size 3.02 nm. The surface area, pore volume and pore size of 43.68 m²/g, 0.428 cm³/g, and 38.64 Å respectively. The adsorption of sulphates and fluorides on regenerated custard apple leaves biosorbents remained consistent for up to three cycles, but then decreased by 82.36 % in the fourth cycle. The regeneration of custard apple leaf biosorbents was also calibrated, and it was observed that the custard apple leaves do not exhibit any high concentrations of changes in their performances, even after being reused for the removals of sulphates and fluorides from water. The adsorption rate move to equilibrium was due to the accessibility of lower amount of existing opening sites on the custard apple leaves biosorbents surface and also due to the binding forces between the custard apple leaves biosorbents and fluorides and sulphates molecules in the aqueous solution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100486,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"3 ","pages":"Pages 1-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of activated biochar incorporated PVA-silica composite and its application in the adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from wastewater","authors":"Poushali Chakraborty ,&nbsp;Arkaprava Roy ,&nbsp;Sampad Sarkar ,&nbsp;Avijit Bhowal ,&nbsp;Suvendu Manna ,&nbsp;Papita Das","doi":"10.1016/j.esi.2025.01.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esi.2025.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) are pervasive pollutants exposed in the environment primarily due to the incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fossil fuels such as coal, crude oil derivatives, and other organic materials such as wood, paper, garbage, tobacco, etc. Secondarily other important industries such as aluminium production, catalytic cracking towers, and motor vehicle emissions also cause huge emissions. Naphthalene is one of the most available PAH, which has several negative impacts on living health. To eliminate naphthalene from wastewater, some physicochemical approaches are being taken in which adsorption is the most established one. In our present study, a novel membrane-like composite was prepared with PVA (Poly Vinyl Alcohol) and Silica nanoparticles which were modified by incorporating activated banana biochar to increase its efficiency. Characterizations like FT-IR, SEM, and EDX were performed to depict various characteristic features of the composite. The removal of naphthalene due to the adsorption process was studied experimentally by a batch study in different varying parametric conditions like different adsorbent dosages, contact time, pollutant concentration, temperature, pH, and agitation speed. From the results, the highest removal percentage was observed as 99.549 % with conditions like an adsorbent dose of 2 g/L, 160 rpm agitation speed, 20 mg/L initial naphthalene concentration, and 303 K temperature after 2 hrs. Mathematical modelling was done to evaluate the adsorption isotherm with the help of Langmuir and Freundlich models. Low cost, biodegradability, availability, and high removal efficiency have made the composite an effective adsorbent for wastewater treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100486,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"3 ","pages":"Pages 55-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143182390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}