Environmental Pollution Series B, Chemical and Physical最新文献

{"title":"Applications of voltammetry in environmental science","authors":"D.H.S. Richardson","doi":"10.1016/0143-148X(85)90019-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0143-148X(85)90019-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The wide-ranging applications of voltammetry to the analysis of trace metals and other ions of interest to environmental scientists are reviewed. It is concluded that the availability of modern microprocessor controlled instrumentation, capable of performing both anodic stripping and square wave voltammetry, provides a flexible and powerful technique to aid in solving analytical problems and carrying out routine analyses. The recent identification of many sensitising agents which reduce detection limits to part per thousand million level, or below, is a further exciting development in this field.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100484,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution Series B, Chemical and Physical","volume":"10 4","pages":"Pages 261-276"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0143-148X(85)90019-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83793852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heavy metals in isopods from the supra-littoral zone on the Southern shore of the Severn Estuary, UK","authors":"S.P. Hopkin ,&nbsp;M.H. Martin,&nbsp;S.J. Moss","doi":"10.1016/0143-148X(85)90001-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0143-148X(85)90001-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The concentrations of zinc, cadmium, lead and copper in the tissues of the littoral isopod <em>Ligia oceanica</em> from three sites near to a primary zinc, lead and cadmium smelting works on the southern shore of the Severn Estuary and an unpolluted site in the Menai Strait, Anglesey, were determined. The concentrations of zinc, cadmium and copper in whole <em>L. oceanica</em> from the contaminated sites were significantly higher than in specimens from the uncontaminated site, although the levels were only about one-and-a-half, three to four and twice as great, respectively. The amounts of lead in <em>L. oceanica</em> from all four sites were very small. The hepatopancreas was the most important storage organ of heavy metals and, at all sites, contained more than 50% of the total zinc, cadmium and copper in the body.</p><p>The concentrations of heavy metals were compared in the tissues of <em>L. oceanica</em> and in two ‘more terrestrial’ isopods, <em>Oniscus asellus</em> and <em>Porcellio scaber</em>, collected from the same habitat at one of the contaminated sites. The mean concentrations of copper were the same in the hepatopancreas of all the isopods. However, there were large differences in the extent to which zinc, cadmium and lead had been accumulated by this organ in the three species. Analysis of the gut contents of the isopods revealed that all three species had been feeding on leaf litter derived from nearby trees, rather than on seaweed washed up onto the shore. Therefore, it was concluded that the extent to which zinc, cadmium and lead were assimilated by <em>L. oceanica, O. asellus</em> and <em>Porcellio scaber</em> must have been related to differences in their digestive physiology, rather than to choice of food material containing different concentrations of metals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100484,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution Series B, Chemical and Physical","volume":"9 4","pages":"Pages 239-254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0143-148X(85)90001-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85017098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heavy metal occurrence and geochemical fractionation: The relationships of catchment soils to associated estuarine sediments","authors":"M.A. Badri ,&nbsp;S.R. Aston","doi":"10.1016/0143-148X(85)90016-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0143-148X(85)90016-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Catchment soils and surface sediments from the associated estuary in Northwest England have been analysed for total Fe, Mn, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn and the distribution of these metals between geochemical fractions. The results indicate that metal behaviours in the soils and sediments are different, the soils showing greater leaching tendency than the sediments. For the soils, considerable variations in total metal and non-residual concentrations were found at different localities, while the same metal fractions in the sediments were uniformly distributed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100484,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution Series B, Chemical and Physical","volume":"10 1","pages":"Pages 61-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0143-148X(85)90016-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83849933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pollution reconnaissance in stream sediments using non-residual trace metals","authors":"R. Chester,&nbsp;W.M. Kudoja,&nbsp;A. Thomas,&nbsp;J. Towner","doi":"10.1016/0143-148X(85)90044-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0143-148X(85)90044-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Total non-residual (TNR) concentrations of Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd have been determined in sediments from ten stream populations in North West England using a rapid 0·5 HCl leaching technique. It is shown that the technique can successfully be used as a first stage in a reconnaissance survey designed to identify trace metal pollution in stream sediments. The TNR trace metal concentrations are extremely variable in the sediments and a number of approaches are assessed in order to interpret the data in an environmentally useful manner. (i) Spatial variations in the distributions of the TNR trace metals in individual stream populations can be used to identify specific pollution sources, which often impose ‘man-made fingerprints’ on the sediments. (ii) In order to establish baseline concentrations for all the stream sediments, an artificial background sediment (ABS) is identified and sediments which have suffered pollution are identified as those whose TNR trace metal concentrations exceeds an <span><math><mrow><mo>E</mo><msub><mrow><mover><mo>x</mo><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>B</mi><mi>S</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> + 2s parameter, in which <span><math><mrow><mo>E</mo><msub><mrow><mover><mo>x</mo><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>B</mi><mi>S</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> is concentration of an element, E, in the ABS. The degree of pollution is assessed by an index of pollution (IP), which is related to the <span><math><mrow><mo>E</mo><msub><mrow><mover><mo>x</mo><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>B</mi><mi>S</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> + 2s parameter. (iii) Partitioning of the trace metals in the non-residual sediment fractions is investigated using a five-stage sequential leaching technique. The application of the technique to a series of polluted and non-polluted stream sediments shows that the partitioning characteristics of a number of the TNR trace metals differ in respect to their host components. Further, the partitioning signatures of some of the TNR trace metals, especially that of Cd, are different in polluted and non-polluted samples.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100484,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution Series B, Chemical and Physical","volume":"10 3","pages":"Pages 213-238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0143-148X(85)90044-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78262649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An investigation into the phytotoxicity of zinc, copper and nickel using sewage sludge of controlled metal content","authors":"R.D. Davis,&nbsp;C.H. Carlton-Smith","doi":"10.1016/0143-148X(84)90016-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0143-148X(84)90016-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A replicated factorial pot trial with perennial ryegrass and a sandy loam soil (pH 7·0) investigated the relative phytotoxicities of Zn, Cu and Ni, and the nature of their interaction. Sewage sludge of controlled metal content made from enriched sewage was used for the soil treatment so that each pot received the same amount of sludge dry solids whilst quantities of metals added were adjustable as required. Upper critical concentrations (total) of the three elements in soil were found to be 319 mg Znkg⁻¹, 105 mg Cukg⁻¹ and 221 mg Nikg⁻¹. The relative toxicities of Zn/Cu/Ni were 1·0/2·6/1·0 on a loading rate basis. The comparatively low toxicity of Ni was attributed to the pH value (7·0) of the soil used. At subcritical levels in the soil phytotoxic effects of mixtures of the three elements were independent but some additivity was seen when one or more element was already at a hypercritical level. At subcritical levels the element present in highest concentration relative to its critical concentration determined the phytotoxic effect on ryegrass yield of mixtures of Zn, Cu and Ni in soil. But where two or more elements exceeded their critical soil concentrations their combined phytotoxic effect could be taken as being additive. It was concluded that the three elements could be dealth with separately in guidelines for sludge utilisation on agricultural land.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100484,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution Series B, Chemical and Physical","volume":"8 3","pages":"Pages 163-185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0143-148X(84)90016-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81159948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lead (Pb) in spiders: A possible measure of atmospheric Pb pollution","authors":"Ian Henning Stenholt Clausen","doi":"10.1016/0143-148X(84)90018-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0143-148X(84)90018-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lead concentrations were measured in eight species of spider and in the lichen <em>Lecanora conizaeoides</em> Nyl. ex Cromb. Significant differences between spider species were found. The correlation between lead in <em>Araneus umbraticus</em> Clerck (<em>Y</em>) and lead in <em>L. conizaeoides</em> (<em>X</em>) was highly significant, it being possible to describe the relationship by means of the formula: <em>Y</em>=0·804<em>X</em>^0·582. It is concluded that lead in <em>A. umbraticus</em> may be used as a measure of atmospheric lead pollution.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100484,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution Series B, Chemical and Physical","volume":"8 3","pages":"Pages 217-230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0143-148X(84)90018-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80877810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of elutriate test parameters for an organic hydrophobic pollutant, Kepone","authors":"David R. Burris,&nbsp;Robert J. Huggett","doi":"10.1016/0143-148X(84)90007-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0143-148X(84)90007-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The following elutriate test parameters were evaluated using sediment and water from the James River estuary to determine their effects on test results: sediment concentration (20, 5, 2·5 and 1%), mixing time (120, 30 and 5 min) and Kepone concentration in/on the sediment (0·04 and 0·02 mg kg⁻¹). A factorial analysis of variance indicates that Kepone concentration on sediment is the only factor within the above parametric ranges controlling concentrations in the elutriate water. The results agree with analyses of samples taken during a dredging operation near the site of sediment collection for the elutriate tests.</p><p>The Kepone elutriate results indicate that a relatively low sediment concentration (1%) is adequate to obtain meaningful elutriate results. This suggests that the standard elutriate test (Environmental Protection Agency, 1973) may prescribe an excessive amount of sediment (20%) which may impart an unnecessary burden on the analyst.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100484,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution Series B, Chemical and Physical","volume":"8 1","pages":"Pages 63-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0143-148X(84)90007-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75668620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fate and distribution of the mothproofing agents dieldrin and eulan WA New in Loch Leven, Kinross, 1964–1979","authors":"David E. Wells,&nbsp;Allan A. Cowan","doi":"10.1016/0143-148X(84)90034-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0143-148X(84)90034-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Following the cessation of the use of dieldrin in 1963 and the subsequent use of Eulan WA New at the textile mill in Kinross, Scotland, the fate and distribution of the mothproofing agents in the Loch Leven environment were studied. Fish samples analysed between 1963 and 1970 showed a decline in dieldrin concentrations with a half-life of 0·56–0·82 years (<em>r</em> &gt; 0·87). Samples of water, sediment, zooplankton and fish were taken for analysis during 1978–1979. About 50% of the Eulan WA New remained in the soluble ionic form and was discharged into the River Leven. Much of the remaining 50% was associated with particulate matter and sediment. Less than 10% was associated with the biota. The samples were analysed using GC-ECD and GC-MS-DS with decachlorobiphenyl as the internal standard.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100484,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution Series B, Chemical and Physical","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 11-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0143-148X(84)90034-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84328263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mercury contamination of the Belgian Avifauna 1970–1981","authors":"K. Delbeke ,&nbsp;C. Joiris ,&nbsp;G. Decadt","doi":"10.1016/0143-148X(84)90049-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0143-148X(84)90049-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Two hundred birds found dead in Belgium between 1970 and 1981, and belonging to 30 species, were analysed for total mercury contamination. The contamination of aquatic birds ranged between 0·11 and 35 μg g⁻¹ wet weight. For terrestrial birds, the extreme values were: not detectable and 14 μg g⁻¹. In both cases, differences in diet can explain the differences in contamination. The order of diets associated with increasing mercury contamination for aquatic birds was invertebrates, zooplankton and garbage, and fish; and for terrestrial birds this consisted of plants, invertebrates, mammals and birds. For raptors and owls, this effect of diet includes geographical variations within species. A higher mercury contamination level in the winter and early spring was noted for two species of owls. For aquatic birds, the contamination of liver was higher than that of kidney, with ratios varying between 1·2 and 2·5. For terrestrial birds, the ratio was closer to 1. A few determinations were also made for muscle and heart, giving respectively 0·25 and 0·6 of the liver contamination. Among the birds analysed for their liver contamination, 15% showed levels higher than 3 μg g⁻¹ and could have been affected in their reproduction; 3% had levels higher than 10 μg g⁻¹, and could have died from mercury poisoning; and 6% showed an abnormally high liver: kidney ratio, which could reflect an acute intoxication.</p><p>There exists a striking parallelism between the levels of mercury and of organochlorine residues (DDT) in birds of prey, suggesting the existence of common ecotoxicological mechanisms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100484,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution Series B, Chemical and Physical","volume":"7 3","pages":"Pages 205-221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0143-148X(84)90049-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84242069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Baseline sulphur and fluoride concentrations in indigenous plants common in the northern Great plains","authors":"P.M. Rice,&nbsp;P.C. Tourangeau,&nbsp;C. Johns,&nbsp;C.C. Gordon","doi":"10.1016/0143-148X(84)90051-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0143-148X(84)90051-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Pre-industrial baseline concentrations of fluoride and sulphur content of 17 plant species indigenous to the Northern Great Plains coal fields are described. Values for both fluoride and sulphur approximate a log-normal distribution. Baseline sulphur values for eastern North America and fluoride baselines are higher than those observed in this study and should not be considered representative of vegetation from the Northern Great Plains. Concentrations of fluoride and sulphur in plant tissues from a moderately polluted Great Plains site provide upper limit values describing the potential increase under PSD Class II increments. <em>Juniperus scopulorum</em> Sarg. could serve as a long-term regional biomonitor for sulphur and fluoride pollution.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100484,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution Series B, Chemical and Physical","volume":"7 3","pages":"Pages 233-246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0143-148X(84)90051-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88228186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}