Deep Underground Science and Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Emerging challenges and perspectives in deep underground science and engineering","authors":"Jianguo Wang, Chunfai Leung","doi":"10.1002/dug2.70139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dug2.70139","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This issue of <i>Deep Underground Science and Engineering</i> (DUSE) publishes 19 high-quality articles. These articles cover a broad range of topics from underground space construction, deep mineral resource mining, and clean energy extraction to rock mechanics, disaster prevention, and artificial intelligence application. These articles highlight emerging challenges and recent advancements in deep underground engineering, certainly reflecting the diversity and current depth of research in deep underground science and engineering.</p><p>For this editorial, the editors will discuss the objectives, research contents, current status, future directions, and industrial chain perspectives of the field. Deep underground science and engineering is a strategic discipline that ventures deep into the Earth to secure resources, expand space, and ensure safety. Its core mission is to address resource constraints, unravel the unknowns of the subsurface, and ultimately build a synergistic innovation chain linking science, technology, and practice. Its objectives are strategically significant and urgent in four aspects. First, safeguarding national strategic resource security is the primary driver. As shallow resources become depleted, exploring ultra-deep resources such as oil, gas, geothermal, and critical metal minerals becomes imperative. These engineering requirements drive us to understand the behavior of the deep underground and to pursue its sustainable development. Second, unraveling the mysteries of the Earth system is fundamental. The deep Earth is the planet's engine; studying its internal structure, composition, and dynamic processes is key to understanding Earth's evolution and habitability. This constitutes the fundamental science of the deep underground. Third, expanding underground space for habitation and development is increasingly important. Beyond ground surface resources, the deep underground provides vast space (e.g., abandoned mines, salt caverns) for energy storage, carbon sequestration, and even laboratories or data centers. These underground spaces may be open cavities or porous media. Fourth, enhancing disaster prevention and mitigation is essential. Understanding deep earthquake mechanisms and engineering hazards enables better monitoring, early warning, and control of geohazards.</p><p>Deep underground science and engineering provides a highly interdisciplinary frontier. Its main research areas currently include the following. (1) Deep underground science as the foundation: Deep Earth structure, material composition and cycling, energy transport mechanisms, rock mechanics, and rock dynamics should be the central foci. (2) Deep resource exploration and extraction: This area encompasses ultra-deep well construction, efficient extraction (e.g., deep shale gas), in situ preservation coring, and related key technologies. (3) Deep underground space use and storage: This direction includes the utilization of deep space for energy stora","PeriodicalId":100363,"journal":{"name":"Deep Underground Science and Engineering","volume":"5 3","pages":"633-634"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/dug2.70139","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149084143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Permeability of granite from a shallow buried mountain pipe gallery tunnel under unloading confining pressure","authors":"Xiaoyan Zhang,&nbsp;Yonghua Ye,&nbsp;Jianping Zuo,&nbsp;Baojiang Han,&nbsp;Weigang Jiao","doi":"10.1002/dug2.70044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dug2.70044","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The rock mass within mountain tunnels undergoes complex changes in permeability, strength, and deformation during tunneling excavation. The comprehensive pipe gallery tunnel for the 2022 Winter Olympics buried in Haituo Mountain experienced water leakage because of meltwater and heavy rainfall during the summer. Permeability tests were conducted on granite samples with a low confining stress of 5.0 MPa, which was then reduced to 2.5 MPa. Granite samples were obtained by drilling a borehole into surrounding rocks classified as Class Ⅲ, IV, and V. The mechanical properties and permeability characteristics of granite were subsequently evaluated. The permeability behavior of granite can be categorized into four stages: crack closure, elastic deformation, yield, and postpeak stages. The permeability ranges from 1.943 to 0.528 nm² for fractured granite from Class Ⅲ, IV, and V surrounding rocks. The relationship between stress and permeability can be modeled by a power-law function, with the influence of unloading confining stress on permeability being greater than that of loading axial stress. The incomplete release of confining stress and varying degrees of weathering have led to diverse patterns of crack propagation and connectivity during rock fracture.</p>","PeriodicalId":100363,"journal":{"name":"Deep Underground Science and Engineering","volume":"5 3","pages":"843-853"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/dug2.70044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149084027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of forced closure on proppant distribution of hydraulic fracturing in shale formations","authors":"Tongxuan Gu,&nbsp;Hanyi Wang,&nbsp;Quan Gan,&nbsp;Shuang Zheng","doi":"10.1002/dug2.70065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dug2.70065","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Forced closure is widely used in conventional oil and gas reservoirs to promote uniform proppant placement. However, due to the extremely low permeability of shale formations, fracture closure requires more time, and the application of forced closure in shale formations has not been fully explored. In this study, we use a fully implicit three-dimensional (3D) geomechanical fracture simulator to track the migration paths and settling patterns of proppants during hydraulic fracturing, investigating the impact of forced closure on proppant distribution in shale formations. The results show that forced closure, implemented immediately after injection, can significantly reduce proppant settling and increase the effective propped surface area from 29.74% to 38.68%, with a significant improvement. Furthermore, this study systematically analyzes the impact of various geological conditions and operational parameters on the effectiveness of forced closure, revealing that factors such as fracture height, fracturing fluid viscosity, formation permeability, and proppant concentration significantly influence the outcomes. This study provides critical theoretical foundations and practical guidance for optimizing hydraulic fracturing design, improving proppant distribution, and enhancing operational efficiency in shale formations.</p>","PeriodicalId":100363,"journal":{"name":"Deep Underground Science and Engineering","volume":"5 3","pages":"728-753"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/dug2.70065","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149084148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Semi-analytical solution for the stability of deep vertical shaft considering time-dependent rock-structure interaction","authors":"Bin Chen,&nbsp;Pinqiang Mo,&nbsp;Zhao Lu,&nbsp;Lianfei Kuang,&nbsp;Qiang Zhang,&nbsp;Abolfazl Eslami","doi":"10.1002/dug2.70054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dug2.70054","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study focuses on the stability of deep vertical shafts in underground construction, addressing critical concerns in mining and geotechnical engineering. A semi-analytical approach is proposed to capture the time-dependent ground response during shaft excavation in an elasto-visco-brittle-plastic medium. This solution accounts for variations in internal cavity pressure and the time elapsed since excavation, providing a more accurate representation of rock-structure interactions. Parametric studies based on a typical deep vertical shaft in western China reveal several key insights. An increase in the viscosity of surrounding rock leads to decreased total rock displacement upon stabilization. The ultimate interaction pressure increases nonlinearly with factors including the strength grade and thickness of the supporting shaft wall structure. Deeper embedment depths lead to slower convergence of ground characteristic response curves, increased cavity displacements, and higher interaction pressures. Additionally, a versatile multilayer composite model for shaft wall structures is introduced, considering heterogeneity and nonlinearity of shaft materials for more accurate simulations. The predictive capability of the proposed method is validated through a case study in Hulusu Coal Mine, demonstrating its potential for real-world applications. This study enhances our understanding of the time-dependent mechanisms governing deep vertical shafts and provides significant insights for the safety and efficiency of underground construction endeavors.</p>","PeriodicalId":100363,"journal":{"name":"Deep Underground Science and Engineering","volume":"5 3","pages":"767-786"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/dug2.70054","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149084033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review and prospects of shear test of bolted rock joints","authors":"Shulin Ren,&nbsp;Fan Yang,&nbsp;Manchao He,&nbsp;Yong Yuan,&nbsp;Zhigang Tao","doi":"10.1002/dug2.70031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dug2.70031","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rock bolting is a critical approach in geotechnical engineering for supporting weak rocks. However, weak structural planes, such as rock joints and faults, can easily cause shear deformation of bolts, leading to large shear deformation failure. So, the shear mechanical properties of bolt anchorage are a crucial aspect of engineering stability. Laboratory tests and numerical simulation methods have been adopted earlier to study the shear deformation characteristics, shear instability modes, and shear mechanical models of the bolt. This article summarizes the indoor shear test equipment for bolt anchorage. Then, the research results of the influence of test variables such as rock strength, joint surface roughness, and bolt type on the anchorage shear performance were analyzed. The numerical simulation method for bolt anchorage was also presented, and the advantages and limitations of the numerical methods were analyzed. Finally, based on summarizing and analyzing the relevant research results, the research prospects of new material research and development, indoor test, and numerical simulation of the anchor bolt were put forward, which can serve as a reference for improving the theoretical system of anchor bolt shear resistance and engineering support design.</p>","PeriodicalId":100363,"journal":{"name":"Deep Underground Science and Engineering","volume":"5 3","pages":"635-656"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/dug2.70031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149084006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on burning rate and flame geometry in construction tunnel fires under high geothermal conditions","authors":"Xiaoxian Fei,&nbsp;Maozhen Liu,&nbsp;Jiayi Ha,&nbsp;Linbo Du,&nbsp;Zhi Li,&nbsp;Yuhao Li,&nbsp;Chuangang Fan","doi":"10.1002/dug2.70037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dug2.70037","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As tunnel construction advances in lengths and depths, the construction of tunnels in high geothermal environments has become increasingly common, raising significant fire risks. In this study, a 1:20 scale model tunnel test platform was constructed to investigate the effects of a high geothermal environment on fire behavior in tunnels during construction. The results indicate that high geothermal environments create a stratified nonisothermal flow within the tunnel, significantly impacting the burning rate and flame geometry. Under the combined effects of this special flow field and additional heat radiation from the high geothermal environment, the burning rate within the geothermal zone first decreases and subsequently increases linearly with rising geothermal temperature. Conversely, the burning rate in the nongeothermal zone initially decreases and then stabilizes. The flame tilts toward the tunnel face due to induced airflow at the base, with the tilt angle correlating directly with the geothermal temperature. A predictive formula was developed to estimate the flame tilt angle under varying geothermal temperatures. Furthermore, the flame length and height are not significantly affected by the high geothermal environment. These findings can serve as a valuable reference for future research and practical engineering applications related to high geothermal tunnels.</p>","PeriodicalId":100363,"journal":{"name":"Deep Underground Science and Engineering","volume":"5 3","pages":"754-766"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/dug2.70037","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149084073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gaborlet-guided sparse filtering: A novel intelligent method for lithology identification by vibration signals while drilling","authors":"Jian Hao,&nbsp;Danqi Zhang,&nbsp;Zhenqi Song,&nbsp;Jinrui Wang,&nbsp;Qi Wang,&nbsp;Heqing Liu","doi":"10.1002/dug2.70067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dug2.70067","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Traditional lithology identification methods mainly rely on core sampling and well-logging data. Although such methods offer high accuracy, they are expensive, time-consuming, and lack real-time applicability. A large amount of real-time vibration data is generated during the rock drilling. Therefore, a method of vibration signals during drilling was explored to conduct perceptual prediction of rock lithology. However, these signals are often contaminated by noise from other equipment. Therefore, how to effectively extract lithology-related features from noisy signals has become both a fundamental and challenging task in lithology identification. To address this issue, this study proposes a novel Gaborlet-guided sparse filtering (GSF) method to enhance the extraction of informative features from drilling vibration signals. Specifically, a set of Gabor wavelets is first designed to initialize the weight vectors of the sparse filter (SF), enabling the capture of multiscale and multidirectional features. The objective function of the SF is regularized using the <i>L</i>_1/2 norm to mitigate overfitting. The well-designed GSF model is then directly applied to the raw drilling vibration signals for feature extraction. Finally, the extracted features are fed into a Softmax classifier for lithology identification. One experimental case is conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed GSF method. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves classification accuracies of 94.07% on the training set and 88.32% on the testing set. This technique enables precise lithology clustering and outperforms the other three lithology identification methods discussed in this article.</p>","PeriodicalId":100363,"journal":{"name":"Deep Underground Science and Engineering","volume":"5 3","pages":"657-668"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/dug2.70067","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149084076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shear behavior of bolt–grout interfaces under constant normal stiffness: Influence of grout strength and thickness","authors":"Sunhao Zhang,&nbsp;Dongqi Shang,&nbsp;Yujing Jiang,&nbsp;Jinge Zhang,&nbsp;Hongbin Chen,&nbsp;Tianqi Jiang","doi":"10.1002/dug2.70033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dug2.70033","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The strength and thickness of the grout significantly influence the behavior of the bolt–grout interface (BGI). Understanding how these factors affect load transfer and failure mechanisms is crucial for designing stable and effective rock mass reinforcement systems. This study systematically analyzed the effects of grout strength and thickness on the shear behavior of BGI through shear tests under constant normal stiffness conditions. The results showed that grout strength is a crucial factor affecting the shear strength of BGI. When the grout strength decreased from 42.4 to 12.5 MPa, the peak shear stress of BGI decreased by up to 63.29%, and the ultimate shear stress decreased by 65.56%. Additionally, changes in grout strength directly affected the shear failure modes of BGI. Under high-strength grout conditions, dilational slip failure (DSF) was predominant, while under low-strength conditions, sheared-crush failure, and sheared-off failure (SOF) were more common, indicating that lower-strength grouts are more prone to shear failure and interface separation. In contrast, grout thickness had a relatively minor impact on the shear strength and failure mode of BGI. Increasing the thickness from 3 to 12 mm resulted in minimal changes in shear strength, suggesting that thickness is not a dominant factor in the shear performance of BGI. The failure modes of the BGI can be profoundly characterized by acoustic emission (AE) parameters. As the failure mode transitions from DSF to SOF, the pronounced increase in AE hits and energy, coupled with the upward trends in the singularity index Δ<i>α</i> and fractal dimension change Δ<i>f</i>(<i>α</i>), suggests a more intricate failure process under low-strength grout conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":100363,"journal":{"name":"Deep Underground Science and Engineering","volume":"5 3","pages":"685-698"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/dug2.70033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149084088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strengthening urban resilience in China through underground infrastructures management: Addressing global climate challenges with technological solutions","authors":"Kai Chen Goh,&nbsp;Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan,&nbsp;Christia Meidiana,&nbsp;Abdelkader Anouzla,&nbsp;Faissal Aziz,&nbsp;Imran Ali,&nbsp;Joan Cecilia C. Casila,&nbsp;M. Imran Khan,&nbsp;Dongdong Zhang,&nbsp;Meihui Jiang,&nbsp;Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman,&nbsp;Md Munir Hayet Khan,&nbsp;Kasun Kumara Dissanayake","doi":"10.1002/dug2.70069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dug2.70069","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper discusses the urgency of proactive approaches to urban resilience in the context of deepening climate change impacts and the rapid pace of urbanization. Due to the rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and other challenges urban areas face today, such as aging underground infrastructure that was not built to withstand stressors such as climate change, pollution from industrial activities, which have been distorted by overdevelopment. The analysis draws attention to the contribution of intelligent grid solutions, climate-resilient materials, and renewable energy integration in promoting urban resilience. Smart grid implementation alone is expected to reduce electricity use by 12%–15%, while self-healing concrete (a climate-resilient material) reduces maintenance costs by 50%–70% while extending the life spans of infrastructure assets. Moreover, this study underscores how digital twin technology combined with artificial intelligence-led predictive analytics to predict and avert infrastructure failures, while reducing downtime and costs by up to 30%–50%, respectively. The findings highlight the requirement for policymakers, urban planners, engineers, and communities to work together in implementing these mitigation strategies. Key enablers include public-private partnerships to close the funding gap and hasten technology adoption. This article concludes that investing in research, development, and strategic planning is the key to creating resilient, sustainable urban environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":100363,"journal":{"name":"Deep Underground Science and Engineering","volume":"5 3","pages":"883-906"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/dug2.70069","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149084163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probability prediction of true-triaxial compressive strength of intact rocks based on the improved PSO-RVM model","authors":"Qi Zhang,&nbsp;Maohui Wang,&nbsp;Ning Wang,&nbsp;Yixin Shen,&nbsp;Xuzhen He","doi":"10.1002/dug2.70007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dug2.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In deep underground engineering design, the true-triaxial compressive strength of intact rocks is a critical evaluation index. Traditional methods for acquiring true-triaxial strength data are hampered by labor-intensive manual operations. To mitigate the time-consuming nature of true-triaxial experiments, this study leverages the unique capabilities of the relevance vector machine (RVM) to develop machine learning prediction models. These models aim to streamline the process and enhance predictive accuracy, thereby offering a more efficient alternative to conventional experimental approaches. The proposed models establish a correlation between the major principal stress (<i>σ</i>₁) and the material constants, alongside other Hoek–Brown (H–B) strength parameters. A comprehensive data set, encompassing 408 sets of true-triaxial experimental data from 12 different rock types, was collated from previous studies. This true-triaxial strength data set was systematically divided into three groups based on the intact rock material content (<i>m</i>_i), facilitating subsequent validation efforts. To enhance prediction accuracy and generalization capability, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is employed to optimize the hybrid kernel function parameters of the RVM. This study introduces a dynamic inertia weight decreasing method, demonstrating superior prediction accuracy compared to conventional PSO improvement techniques. In comparison with five three-dimensional H–B type criteria and two other machine learning models, the improved PSO-RVM model demonstrated superior performance across three distinct <i>m</i>_i groups. Additionally, the proposed model is capable of generating probabilistic predictions, thereby effectively capturing the inherent uncertainty associated with rock strength. The probability distribution of model prediction errors closely aligns with that indicated by the generalized Zhang–Zhu criterion, underscoring the improved PSO-RVM model's ability to capture the uncertainty in true-triaxial compressive strength. Furthermore, this study explores sample selection for combined tests integrating true-triaxial experiments and the proposed improved PSO-RVM model, providing a tentative optimal ratio for predicting the true-triaxial compressive strength of intact rocks.</p>","PeriodicalId":100363,"journal":{"name":"Deep Underground Science and Engineering","volume":"5 2","pages":"396-409"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/dug2.70007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148324311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}