Composites EngineeringPub Date : 1995-01-01Epub Date: 2008-07-14DOI: 10.1016/0961-9526(95)00034-K
H.N.G. Wadley, L.M. Hsiung, R.L. Lankey
{"title":"Artificially layered nanocomposites fabricated by jet vapor deposition","authors":"H.N.G. Wadley, L.M. Hsiung, R.L. Lankey","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00034-K","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00034-K","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Novel jet vapor deposition (JVD) processes offer considerable promise for the inexpensive synthesis of functionally graded (composite) materials (FGMs). Here, we explore microstructure-mechanical property relationships for a model Al/Cu metal-metal system and an Al/Al<sub>2</sub>0<sub>3</sub> metal-metal oxide multilayered nanocomposite system fabricated by the JVD process. The 10μm thick <span><math><mtext>Al</mtext><mtext>Cu</mtext></math></span> multilayers were deposited on silicon wafers at a substrate temperature of ∼140°C. The A1 and Cu layers were of approximately equal thickness and were systematically varied from ∼20 to ∼1000 nm. The 20μm thick <span><math><mtext>rmAl</mtext><mtext>Al</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mtext>O</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>3</mn></msub></math></span> multilayers were deposited on glass slides at ∼250°C. The oxide layer thickness was held constant in the ∼2–6 nm range, whilst the Al layer thickness was systematically varied from ∼3 to ∼50 nm. The structure of the Al/Cu multilayers was polycrystalline and had a strong [111] texture, whereas the Al/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> multilayers consisted of amorphous aluminum oxide layers and polycrystalline metal layers with randomly oriented grains. The yield strength of the Al/Cu multilayers exhibited an inverse dependence upon layer thickness when the layer spacing exceeded ∼50 nm. When the <span><math><mtext>Al</mtext><mtext>Cu</mtext></math></span> layer spacing was thinner than ∼50 nm, the strength was better predicted by a Koehler image force model. A similar phenomenon was also found in the Al/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> multilayers. In this case the critical metal layer thickness for the transition from an Orowan to a Koehler type behavior was approximately 25 nm. This is consistent with theoretical predictions which indicate that the critical layer thickness of the low modulus consistuent decreases as the difference in shear moduli between the two constituent layers increases.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 7","pages":"Pages 935-945, 947-950"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(95)00034-K","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88525258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Composites EngineeringPub Date : 1995-01-01Epub Date: 2008-07-14DOI: 10.1016/0961-9526(95)90709-K
G. Leisk, A. Saigal
{"title":"Taguchi analysis of heat treatment variables on the mechanical behavior of alumina/aluminum metal matrix composites","authors":"G. Leisk, A. Saigal","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)90709-K","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)90709-K","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Alumina-reinforced aluminum 6061 alloy composites containing 10, 15 and 20 volume percentage particulates were tested using the standard tensile and Charpy impact toughness tests. A statistical approach, known as the Taguchi method, was implemented to identify heat treatment conditions for improved tensile and impact toughness properties. Modulus of elasticity, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength all increased while impact toughness decreased as a function of the volume percentage of reinforcement for the alumina/aluminum composites in the T6 heat treated condition. Taguchi analysis results indicate that, on average, a 4% increase in yield strength and a 7% increase in ultimate tensile strength over the standard T6 heat treatment can be attained using a heat treatment of 6 h of solutionizing at 529°C and 12–18 h of aging at 160°C. Similarly, using a heat treatment of 2 h of solutionizing at 529°C and 12 h of aging at 127°C results in an impact toughness improvement of more than 87% over the standard T6 heat treatment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 2","pages":"Pages 129-142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(95)90709-K","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73645275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Composites EngineeringPub Date : 1995-01-01Epub Date: 2008-07-14DOI: 10.1016/0961-9526(94)00103-G
Kurt Gramoll, Srinivasan Ramaprasad
{"title":"Effects of band weaving on fiber strength in filament-wound composite structures","authors":"Kurt Gramoll, Srinivasan Ramaprasad","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(94)00103-G","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0961-9526(94)00103-G","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Filament winding of composite structures generally causes fiber bands to weave or undulate throughout the structure in a non-periodic fashion, except for hoop-only winding. This causes the filament-wound fiber bands, made from multiple groups of filaments, called tows, to fail below the fiber strength of straight fibers. This fiber failure strength reduction is investigated by performing a finite element stress analysis and developing a strength-of-material type closedform solution for curved fibers. The stress analysis results from both methods are compared to actual test results conducted on single and double type weave patterns. The predicted failure stress from the analysis closely matches the experimental results. Application of this work to filament-wound composite pressure vessels is discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 4","pages":"Pages 363-373"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(94)00103-G","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87715825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Vibrations of multi-span non-symmetric composite beams","authors":"Haim Abramovich , Moshe Eisenberger , Oleg Shulepov","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(94)00105-I","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0961-9526(94)00105-I","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the present study the exact vibration frequencies of multi-span laminated beams are found using the exact element method, including the effect of rotary inertia and shear deformations. The effect of shear in laminated beams is more significant than in homogeneous beams, due to the fact that the ratio of extensional stiffness to transverse shear stiffness is high. The exact dynamic stiffness matrix is derived, and then any set of boundary conditions including elastic connections, number and length of spans, can be solved as in the classical direct stiffness method for framed structures. The natural frequencies of vibration of a structure are those values of frequency that cause the dynamic stiffness matrix to become singular, and one can find as many frequencies as needed from the same matrix. In the paper several examples are given, and compared with results from the literature.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 4","pages":"Pages 397-404"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(94)00105-I","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79438798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Composites EngineeringPub Date : 1995-01-01Epub Date: 2008-07-14DOI: 10.1016/0961-9526(95)00063-S
Shi-Chang Wooh, Isaac M. Daniel, Heoung-Jae Chun
{"title":"Real-time ultrasonic and acoustic emission monitoring of damage in graphite/epoxy laminates","authors":"Shi-Chang Wooh, Isaac M. Daniel, Heoung-Jae Chun","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00063-S","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00063-S","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Progressive failure of a crossply composite laminate under uniaxial tension was characterized by correlating ultrasonic and acoustic emission measurements with damage in real time. Both ultrasonic backscattered energy and acoustic emission gave consistent results and proved to be sensitive indicators of matrix cracking and other failure mechanisms. The acoustic emission signals were analyzed by investigating the amplitude and count frequency and the corresponding applied strain. Loading/unloading tests showed that no additional damage occurs upon reloading up to the previous peak load.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 12","pages":"Pages 1403-1412"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(95)00063-S","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74532384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Composites EngineeringPub Date : 1995-01-01Epub Date: 2008-07-14DOI: 10.1016/0961-9526(94)00098-T
C.C. Chao, T.P. Tung
{"title":"Consistent higher-order analysis on shock response of cross-ply curved panels","authors":"C.C. Chao, T.P. Tung","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(94)00098-T","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0961-9526(94)00098-T","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A consistent higher-order analysis is presented for the shock response of doubly-curved cross-ply laminated thick panels simply supported on four edges. Emphasis is laid on consistency with the three-dimensional boundary conditions and interlaminar stress continuity, respectively. In each layer, a three-dimensional dynamic displacement field is assumed in terms of in-plane double Fourier series and cubic polynomials in the thickness direction. A system of modified Lagrange equations is derived via an energy variational approach with all surface conditions, and interlaminar continuity included. Modal analysis is performed for the shock response using a modified exponential decay overpressure. Three-dimensional displacements and stresses can be found any time throughout the panels. Present results, including frequency spectra of σ33, are perfectly consistent with existing wave theory without prior assumption of wave motion.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 3","pages":"Pages 297-311"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(94)00098-T","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87476472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Composites EngineeringPub Date : 1995-01-01Epub Date: 2008-07-14DOI: 10.1016/0961-9526(95)00022-F
N.P. Hung, W. Zhou, E.T. Peh, C.S. Chan
{"title":"Fracture toughness and low cycle fatigue of 6061/A12O3p composites","authors":"N.P. Hung, W. Zhou, E.T. Peh, C.S. Chan","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00022-F","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00022-F","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper investigates the low cycle fatigue and fracture behavior of cast-then-hot-extruded 6061 aluminum reinforced with alumina particles. The effect of heat treatment and volume percentages of the particle (0–20%) on the axial fatigue behavior and fracture toughness was investigated. Cyclic hardening of the under-aged and the peak-aged samples was observed while cyclic softening of the over-aged specimens was recorded. Although fatigue data follow the Coffin-Manson's model, the fatigue resistance of the composites was lower than that of the matrix alloy regardless of aging and percentage of the reinforcement. Plane strain condition was marginally achieved due to insufficient sample thickness. The measured fracture toughness for these composites however was low compared with that of the matrix alloy and decreased with increasing reinforcement content. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that a crack starts at a machine defect and propagates through or avoids a particle depending on the relative position of the crack front and the particle. Three failure modes were found for this advanced material: cleavage fracture of a particle, cohesive delamination between matrix and particle and void coalescence in the matrix.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 5","pages":"Pages 509-517"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(95)00022-F","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72709299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Composites EngineeringPub Date : 1995-01-01Epub Date: 2008-07-14DOI: 10.1016/0961-9526(95)00047-Q
Genady P. Cherepanov
{"title":"Weight versus strength: A case study","authors":"Genady P. Cherepanov","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(95)00047-Q","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0961-9526(95)00047-Q","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 10","pages":"1221-1229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(95)00047-Q","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72246605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Composites EngineeringPub Date : 1995-01-01Epub Date: 2008-07-14DOI: 10.1016/0961-9526(94)00101-E
Mahesh D. Pandey, Mohammad Z. Kabir, Archibald N. Sherbourne
{"title":"Flexural-torsional stability of thin-walled composite I-section beams","authors":"Mahesh D. Pandey, Mohammad Z. Kabir, Archibald N. Sherbourne","doi":"10.1016/0961-9526(94)00101-E","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0961-9526(94)00101-E","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An analytical study of optimal fibre direction for improving the lateral buckling strength of thin-walled composite open-section members is presented. Based on a Vlasov-type linear hypothesis, beam stiffness coefficients, which account for cross-section geometry and for the material anisotropy of the section as well as the geometrical characteristics of columns, are obtained. Uniformly distributed load, transverse concentrated load, unequal end moments, tip-loaded cantilever and columns with different types of loading, are considered. The results show that, in some cases, the web fibre angle makes a remarkable contribution to increasing the buckling load compared with the unidirectional orientation of the pultrusion process.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100298,"journal":{"name":"Composites Engineering","volume":"5 3","pages":"Pages 321-342"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0961-9526(94)00101-E","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76954538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}