Climate Change Ecology最新文献

{"title":"Future sea-level rise impacts to Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) and Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas) nesting habitat on the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica","authors":"Isaac Beber ,&nbsp;Bárbara Sellés-Ríos ,&nbsp;Andrew Whitworth","doi":"10.1016/j.ecochg.2024.100085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecochg.2024.100085","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Global sea turtle populations are in decline and so a global network of sea turtle nesting conservation programs have been established worldwide with the goal to protect vulnerable nesting mothers, and their clutches of eggs. Yet researchers have recently estimated that sea turtle nesting habitat is likely to suffer as a result of climate change and associated sea level rise. This study examines nest monitoring data from Costa Rica's Osa Peninsula with the aim to identify clutches located in suitable nesting habitat most susceptible to sea level rise and subsequent inundation. We analyze the impacts of six different sea level rise scenarios (from 0.25 m to 2 m) and discuss nesting inclinations and distributions of threatened Olive Ridley (<em>Lepidochelys olivacea</em>) and Green (<em>Chelonia mydas</em>) sea turtles on two beaches of the peninsula—known locally as Piro and Pejeperro. Sea-level rise scenarios on Piro beach indicated that 28.81% of the entire sample were likely to be inundated under a 0.25 m scenario, and 16.52% on Pejeperro beach. Under a more extreme, 2 m scenario, results indicated that 41.74% of nest sites on Piro and 24.55% on Pejeperro would be impacted. Results suggest that Olive Ridley turtles may be more susceptible to sea-level rise, based on their preferred nesting zones, commonly nesting closer to the tide line, as opposed to Green turtles that prefer to nest further from the tide line in vegetation zones where sea-level rise is likely to have less impact. Ultimately, the methodologies used in this study can support sea turtle conservation programs in assessing the potential effects of sea level rise and understanding nesting distributions on their nesting beaches, while also providing important insight in forecasting nest management and implementing monitoring techniques that may reduce the negative impacts associated with climate change and subsequent sea-level rise.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100260,"journal":{"name":"Climate Change Ecology","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100085"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666900524000030/pdfft?md5=b0279e6b6cc38ead3e514a47aba7f604&pid=1-s2.0-S2666900524000030-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140351826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating climate change scenarios on global pea aphid habitat suitability using species distribution models","authors":"Tyler Hartl ,&nbsp;Vivek Srivastava ,&nbsp;Sean Prager ,&nbsp;Tyler Wist","doi":"10.1016/j.ecochg.2024.100084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecochg.2024.100084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The global threat of invasive alien species (IAS) being introduced into new habitats is concerning, particularly in agricultural crops as invasive insect species are continuing to expand their distribution through anthropogenic activities and climate changes. Pea aphids (<em>Acyrthosiphon pisum</em> Harris) are an economic threat to numerous legume crops as they can reproduce parthenogenetically, damage crops directly, and vector over 30 plant viruses as the insect's distribution continues to spread. There are no existing pea aphid-specific risk maps that identify the habitat suitability of pea aphids at either a regional or global scale. Here, we used Species Distribution Models (SDMs) to evaluate which climatic variables influence pea aphid distribution, identify regions of potential distribution, and analyze the global distribution of pea aphids under current and future climate change scenarios (SSP 126, 245, and 370) by utilizing presence-only SDMs based on Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt). The modeling results indicate suitable conditions are relevant for pea aphid establishment in six out of seven continents, with significant range expansion in western Canada, the United States of America, and across Europe. We identified human influence to be the most prominent predictor in determining the distribution of pea aphids, supporting the fact that invasive species distributions are heavily impacted by human activities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100260,"journal":{"name":"Climate Change Ecology","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100084"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666900524000029/pdfft?md5=042646a8ecc7f94415b06c291a9186d4&pid=1-s2.0-S2666900524000029-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140191473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The brief: A year in review of climate policy changes through 2023","authors":"Alice C. Hughes","doi":"10.1016/j.ecochg.2024.100083","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecochg.2024.100083","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100260,"journal":{"name":"Climate Change Ecology","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100083"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666900524000017/pdfft?md5=4d0204822812db80feee7bc64ca4630e&pid=1-s2.0-S2666900524000017-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139687285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New nesting site for the expanding green, olive ridley and hawksbill turtle populations in Cabo Verde","authors":"Samir Martins ,&nbsp;Juan Patino-Martinez ,&nbsp;Kirsten Fairweather ,&nbsp;María Medina ,&nbsp;Ana Liria-Loza ,&nbsp;Airton Jesus ,&nbsp;Jairson da Veiga ,&nbsp;Albert Taxonera ,&nbsp;Ivone Monteiro ,&nbsp;Adolfo Marco","doi":"10.1016/j.ecochg.2023.100082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecochg.2023.100082","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Currently, some sea turtle populations are expanding their home range distribution toward higher latitudes at an unprecedented rate. These expansions are associated to factors such as climate change or and increased conservation efforts. Already home to one of the largest loggerhead turtle (<em>Caretta caretta</em>) rookeries in the world, the islands of Cabo Verde Archipelago have recorded sporadic nesting of green (<em>Chelonia mydas</em>), olive ridley (<em>Lepidochelys olivacea</em>) and hawksbill (<em>Eretmochelys imbricata</em>) turtles in recent years. Here, we present the compiled information on these sporadic nesting events that occurred between 2013 and 2022 and discuss possible causes for their occurrence. Throughout the study period, the green turtle was documented on 20 occasions, the olive ridley on 25 occasions and the hawksbill on three occasions. All nesting females were found untagged and were subsequently tagged. Nesting activities occurred on the islands of Santo Antão, Sal, Boa Vista and Maio, most of them within the Sea Turtle Natural Reserve in Boa Vista Island. We suggest introducing new conservation strategies targeting the green, olive ridley, and hawksbill turtles nesting in Cabo Verde. We further suggest the use of genetic studies to determine the population origins of these three species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100260,"journal":{"name":"Climate Change Ecology","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100082"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666900523000187/pdfft?md5=168e0c41ad8d89276496c6d46cf1f4a7&pid=1-s2.0-S2666900523000187-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139099829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrasting demographic responses under future climate for two populations of a montane amphibian","authors":"Amanda M. Kissel ,&nbsp;Wendy J. Palen ,&nbsp;Michael J. Adams ,&nbsp;Justin Garwood","doi":"10.1016/j.ecochg.2023.100081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecochg.2023.100081","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>For species with complex life histories, climate change can have contrasting effects for different life stages within locally adapted populations and may result in responses counter to general climate change predictions. Using data from two, 14-year demographic studies for a North American montane amphibian, Cascades frog (<em>Rana cascadae</em>), we quantified how aspects of current climate influenced annual survival of larvae and adult stages and modeled the stochastic population growth rate (λ_s) of each population for current (1980–2006) and future periods (2080s). Climate drivers of survival for the populations were similar for larvae (i.e., decreases in precipitation lead to pond drying and mortality), but diverged for terrestrial stages where decreases in winter length and summer precipitation had opposite effects. By the 2080s, we predict one population will be in sharp decline (λ_s = 0.90), while the other population will remain nearly stable (λ_s = 0.99) in the absence of other stressors, such as mortality due to disease. Our case study demonstrates a result counter to many climate envelope predictions in that stage-specific responses to local climate and hydrology result in a higher extinction risk for the more northern population.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100260,"journal":{"name":"Climate Change Ecology","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100081"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666900523000175/pdfft?md5=5e17b2aebdc0855144afce5cf9c64850&pid=1-s2.0-S2666900523000175-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139099830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of drought, invasive species, and habitat loss on future extinction risk of two species of imperiled freshwater turtle","authors":"Kaili M. Gregory ,&nbsp;Cat Darst ,&nbsp;Samantha M. Lantz ,&nbsp;Katherine Powelson ,&nbsp;Conor P. McGowan","doi":"10.1016/j.ecochg.2023.100078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecochg.2023.100078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>While predicting species status into the future is inherently uncertain, it is necessary to properly inform conservation decision-making. Using a triple loop stochastic simulation model with a population viability analysis, we projected populations of the northwestern and southwestern pond turtle (<em>Actinemys marmorata</em> and <em>Actinemys pallida,</em> respectively) to the end of the century. We integrated the future trajectories and demographic or population-level effects of three primary threats (drought, invasive bullfrogs, and habitat loss) into the predictive model. Extinction risk of both species increased into the future, with projected widespread declines in abundance and a consistent, negative population growth. By the end of the century, mean probability of extinction was 50 % for the northwestern pond turtle and 75 % for the southwestern pond turtle. The northwestern pond turtle exhibited a latitudinal trend, with southern population units at greater risk of extinction. The population growth rate of the northwestern pond turtle was sensitive to the threat of invasive bullfrogs, whereas drought most strongly influenced southwestern pond turtle growth rates. Future drought conditions will likely be more stochastic than modeled here, where projection methods were limited by the scale and congruency of drought information in pond turtle studies. The habitat loss threat was negligible for both species, although it is likely underestimated due to lack of relevant information on both its future trajectory and effect on vital rates. This work served as decision support science for the Species Status Assessment of the two species, and ultimately, the listing decision under the U.S. Endangered Species Act.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100260,"journal":{"name":"Climate Change Ecology","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100078"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266690052300014X/pdfft?md5=8136dc84ef8656fccf9cf92ea2b66740&pid=1-s2.0-S266690052300014X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139016912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate-sensitive forecasts of marked short-term and long-term changes in the distributions or abundances of Northwestern boreal landbirds","authors":"A. Raymundo ,&nbsp;T. Micheletti ,&nbsp;S. Haché ,&nbsp;D. Stralberg ,&nbsp;F.E.C. Stewart ,&nbsp;J.A. Tremblay ,&nbsp;C. Barros ,&nbsp;I.M.S. Eddy ,&nbsp;A.M. Chubaty ,&nbsp;M. Leblond ,&nbsp;C.L. Mahon ,&nbsp;S.L. Van Wilgenburg ,&nbsp;E.M. Bayne ,&nbsp;F. Schmiegelow ,&nbsp;T.D.S. Docherty ,&nbsp;E.J.B. McIntire ,&nbsp;S.G. Cumming","doi":"10.1016/j.ecochg.2023.100079","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecochg.2023.100079","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Climate change presents a major threat to biodiversity globally. Northern ecosystems, such as Canada's boreal forest, are predicted to experience particularly severe climate-induced changes. These changes may reduce the carrying capacity and habitat suitability of the boreal forest for many wildlife species. Boreal birds are susceptible to both direct and indirect effects of climate change, and several studies have predicted northward shifts in species distributions as temperatures become warmer. We forecasted spatially-explicit changes in the densities of 72 boreal landbird species using integrated climate change projections and a forest dynamics model in the Taiga Plains ecozone of the Northwest Territories (NT), Canada, over the 2011–2091 horizon. We 1) identified \"winner,\" \"loser,\" and \"bellringer\" species over short (2031) and long-term (2091) forecasts, 2) mapped landbird range and density changes under three contrasting Global Circulation Models (GCMs), and 3) quantify differences in landbird density predictions across a latitudinal gradient. Species that showed a moderate increase or decrease in their predicted abundance were considered \"winners\" and \"losers,\" respectively. Species that showed a marked increase or decrease – a doubling or halving – of their predicted abundance in all three GCMs, were termed \"bellringers\". From 2011–2031, only 2/72 (2.8%) were considered winners, and 3/72 (4.2%) were losers. From 2011–2091, the abundance of more species was predicted to change: 26/72 (36.1%) were winners, and 10/72 species (13.9%) were losers. Four species were considered bellringers: Gray-cheeked Thrush, White-crowned Sparrow, Fox Sparrow, and American Tree Sparrow. Overall, projected range shifts were strongly oriented along a southeast-to-northwest axis. Shifts to the north and south were evenly distributed among all three GCMs. Our results suggest that future climate-mitigated distribution shifts and population declines of boreal landbirds will require targeted conservation actions. They also highlight the importance of the NT as a potential refugium for many boreal-breeding landbird species in Canada.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100260,"journal":{"name":"Climate Change Ecology","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100079"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666900523000151/pdfft?md5=57352b17b46e776aca2b79262cf59231&pid=1-s2.0-S2666900523000151-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138986354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Responses of common chuckwallas and their food plants to increasing aridity","authors":"Cameron W. Barrows,&nbsp;Lynn C. Sweet,&nbsp;Melanie J. Davis","doi":"10.1016/j.ecochg.2023.100077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecochg.2023.100077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Desert regions are becoming both warmer and more arid, potentially challenging the ability of even arid-adapted species to exist within their current ranges. Here we analyzed the sensitivity of the common chuckwalla, <em>Sauromalus ater</em>, a vegetarian lizard restricted to western North America's warm deserts, to predicted increases in temperature and aridity. We also assessed the response by their primary food plants to these changing conditions. Our study area included both east-west and elevational aridity gradients. At the eastern, most arid end of this gradient the highest population densities of chuckwallas were restricted to the top elevation category, 600-699 m. In the middle of the east-west gradient, higher chuckwalla densities occurred at elevation categories of 400-599 m and above. At the western, least arid end of the gradient, high chuckwalla densities occurred from elevation categories beginning at 200 m. Their food plants mirrored that distribution trend. We also constructed independent habitat models to predict current and future suitable ranges for both the lizards and their food plants. Potential climate refugia exist where modeled current and predicted future ranges overlap. Our empirical elevation data for where chuckwallas and their food plants exist at higher densities mirrored the climate refugia predicted by our models; current higher density populations largely already reside in putative climate refugia. Chuckwallas residing below these refugia will find conditions increasingly challenging, and all populations will need to shift to higher elevations if future levels of aridity exceed the values used in our models.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100260,"journal":{"name":"Climate Change Ecology","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100077"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50193419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Minimal shift of eastern wild turkey nesting phenology associated with projected climate change","authors":"Wesley W. Boone ,&nbsp;Christopher E. Moorman ,&nbsp;Adam J. Terando ,&nbsp;David J. Moscicki ,&nbsp;Bret A. Collier ,&nbsp;Michael J. Chamberlain ,&nbsp;Krishna Pacifici","doi":"10.1016/j.ecochg.2023.100075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecochg.2023.100075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Climate change may induce mismatches between wildlife reproductive phenology and temporal occurrence of resources necessary for reproductive success. Verifying and elucidating the causal mechanisms behind potential mismatches requires large-scale, longer-duration data. We used eastern wild turkey (<em>Meleagris gallopavo silvestris</em>) nesting data collected across the southeastern U.S. over eight years to investigate potential climatic drivers of variation in nest initiation dates. We investigated climactic relationships with two datasets, one inclusive of successful and unsuccessful nests (full dataset) and another of just successful nests (successfully hatched dataset), to determine whether successfully hatched nests responded differently to weather changes than all nests did. In the full dataset, each 10 cm increase in January precipitation was associated with nesting occurring 0.46–0.66 days earlier, and each 10 cm increase in precipitation during the 30 days preceding nesting was associated with nesting occurring 0.17–0.21 days later. In the successfully hatched dataset, a 10 cm increase in March precipitation was associated with nesting occurring 0.67–0.74 days earlier, and an increase of one unit of variation in February maximum temperature was associated with nesting occurring 0.02 days later. We combined the results of these modeled relationships with multiple climate scenarios to understand potential implications of future climate change on wild turkey nesting phenology; results indicated that mean nest initiation date is projected to change by &lt;0.1 day by 2040–2060. Wild turkey nesting phenology did not track changes in spring green-up timing, which could result in phenological mismatch between the timing of nesting and the availability of resources critical for successful reproduction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100260,"journal":{"name":"Climate Change Ecology","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100075"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50193420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arctic tern flyways and the changing Atlantic Ocean wind patterns","authors":"Nomikos Skyllas ,&nbsp;Maarten J.J.E. Loonen ,&nbsp;Richard Bintanja","doi":"10.1016/j.ecochg.2023.100076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecochg.2023.100076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Migratory bird trajectories are the result of their own speed and direction in combination with wind speed and direction. Several studies have focused on the interplay between bird migration and general wind patterns, however, the majority of them did not take into account climate change and used a small number of individuals. By integrating tracking data from two populations of Arctic terns (<em>n</em> = 72) with ERA5 and Earth System Model (ESM) wind data, we were able to study the current conditions and the potential effects of climate change on them.</p><p>The Svalbard birds experienced wind support values around 3 m/s with a relatively low variability, while the Dutch population experienced almost no wind support with a greater variability. Svalbard terns exhibited better adjustment of their flyways to daily and annually varying wind conditions, and responded to crosswinds by drifting over extended periods/regions (median Drift Ratio ± standard deviation: 0.51 ± 0.18) while the Dutch population mostly compensated (0 ± 0.31). We suggest that the Svalbard birds will be able to adapt their flyways to future Atlantic Ocean wind pattern changes, while we are uncertain whether the Dutch population can keep compensating for future changes or not.</p><p>We examine the robustness of our results by using a selection of ESMs and by including metrics for several uncertainty sources (ESMs, wind variability, tracking method etc.). This study highlights the importance of wind as a flyway-shaping factor and points out the possibility for different responses to wind by different populations of the same species, in different Ocean regions and seasons.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100260,"journal":{"name":"Climate Change Ecology","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100076"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50193421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}