{"title":"Does corporate donation lead to more tax aggressiveness?","authors":"Cheng Yuan , Yue Li , Tao Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.ceqi.2022.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceqi.2022.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With regard to the supply of public goods, existing literature mainly focuses on the crowding out effect of public provision of public goods on private provision, while the adverse effect has been largely neglected. In this paper, building on the perspective of private provision's impact on public provision, we attempt to investigate the causal effect of corporate donation on firms' tax aggressiveness. We use the IV method to address potential endogeneity and find that corporate donation does not lead to more tax aggressiveness. We propose a supervision mechanism to explain the results. We empirically demonstrate the effect of supervision by including the local workforce of media business in the regression.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100238,"journal":{"name":"China Economic Quarterly International","volume":"2 1","pages":"Pages 29-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266693312200003X/pdfft?md5=b81b4cd12c1886b66e51c1ac1e8431df&pid=1-s2.0-S266693312200003X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86680478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"What are public development banks and development financing institutions ? ——qualification criteria, stylized facts and development trends","authors":"Jiajun Xu , Régis Marodon , Xinshun Ru , Xiaomeng Ren , Xinyue Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.ceqi.2021.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceqi.2021.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Public development banks and development financing institutions are experiencing renaissance worldwide, but systematic academic research is patchy. The bottleneck mainly boils down to the lack of data, which has constrained the meaningful research on the rationales of establishing PDBs and DFIs and reasons for their successes and failures. To fill the gap, we aim to answer the fundamental question of “what PDBs and DFIs are” by proposing five qualification criteria, i.e., being a stand-alone entity, using the fund-reflow-seeking financial instruments as main products and services; funding sources going beyond the periodic budgetary transfers; the proactive public policy orientation, and government steering of their corporate strategy. Furthermore, we have systematically identified over 500 PDBs and DFIs that meet the five qualification criteria worldwide. Based on the first-hand data collection, we present the stylized facts (including ownership structure, official mandate, geographical scope of operation, asset size, and income groups) and development trends of worldwide PDBs and DFIs. We hope that this first global database on PDBs and DFIs can lay the foundation for the original academic and policy research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100238,"journal":{"name":"China Economic Quarterly International","volume":"1 4","pages":"Pages 271-294"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666933121000460/pdfft?md5=c280dc6600f527755b89ce4e1dff6b50&pid=1-s2.0-S2666933121000460-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72608317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Re-estimating national wealth inequality with incorporating the rich lists in China","authors":"Chuliang Luo , Guoqiang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ceqi.2021.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceqi.2021.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Using the two annual rich lists of Forbes and Hurun, this study estimated the parameters of Pareto distribution to describe the features of the top tail of the wealth distribution. The wealth inequality for the whole population was re-estimated by the combination of estimated Pareto distribution and household surveys, CHIP2013, CFPS2012 and CFPS2016. The robustness of estimated Pareto coefficients and the possibility of the rich missing from the lists were also discussed in detail. The wealth inequality for the whole population was estimated at different assumptions on the combination of the top tail of wealth distribution and the household survey. The wealth Gini in the CHIP and CFPS data were as high as 0.619 and 0.736. The estimated wealth Gini minorly increased by the combination with the top tail of wealth distribution by the relative criterion, while exceeded 0.8 by the absolute criterion.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100238,"journal":{"name":"China Economic Quarterly International","volume":"1 4","pages":"Pages 295-307"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666933121000472/pdfft?md5=6ad4e119921bfa87a108092b7965025e&pid=1-s2.0-S2666933121000472-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77495151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The impact of lockdown policies on labor market outcomes of the Chinese labor force in 2020: Evidence based on an employee tracking survey","authors":"Dandan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ceqi.2021.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceqi.2021.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper uses data from an employee tracking survey in China for about 6000 incumbent workers to document their dynamic labor market outcomes throughout the year 2020. I find that the employment situation worsened sharply during the lockdown period and then recovered gradually, showing a “V” shaped pattern. However, by the end of November 2020, about 4.4 per cent of 2019 incumbent workers were still unemployed, with few social protections. By adopting a Difference-in-Differences approach, I further estimate the impacts of city and community lockdowns on labor market outcomes of surveyed employees and their mental health. The estimation results show that lockdowns reduced the probability of resuming work by 13.2 percentage points, which in turn worsened their mental health status. My findings suggest that stringent measures to counter the virus brought about negative shocks in the labor market and reduces the welfare of workers, at least in the short run.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100238,"journal":{"name":"China Economic Quarterly International","volume":"1 4","pages":"Pages 344-360"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666933121000484/pdfft?md5=1150bf79f7c9b062fcc7162f2b40a283&pid=1-s2.0-S2666933121000484-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75603401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The special economic zones and innovation: Evidence from China","authors":"Min Wu , Chong Liu , Jiuli Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.ceqi.2021.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceqi.2021.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We examine the impact of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) on innovation using China's county-level data from 1985 to 2011. Results show that the establishment of SEZs promotes a county's innovation in terms of application, grant and citation numbers of patents by 15%–25%, 8%–22% and 15%–25%, respectively. The promoting effect of establishing high-tech SEZs is higher than that of establishing economic and technological SEZs. Compared with provincial SEZs, national SEZs have a greater effect on innovation. Counties with universities nearby apply for more patents. The SEZs not only promote innovation in existing technical fields, but also continuously expand new research fields. The SEZs promote innovation by providing tax credits, technological subsidies and attracting more enterprises.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100238,"journal":{"name":"China Economic Quarterly International","volume":"1 4","pages":"Pages 319-330"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666933121000502/pdfft?md5=633393283263262988ac767c1a4f7cf0&pid=1-s2.0-S2666933121000502-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84953533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Longjian Yang , Shigang Li , Shengyu Liu , Heng Yin
{"title":"Does VAT retention rate affect firms’ capacity utilization? Evidence from China","authors":"Longjian Yang , Shigang Li , Shengyu Liu , Heng Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.ceqi.2021.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceqi.2021.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Value-added tax (VAT) is shared between central and local governments, and is levied based on firms' production location, which provides incentives for local governments to intervene in firms' production. This paper investigates how local governments' VAT retention rate affect firms' capacity utilization theoretically and empirically. We find that the more VAT retained by local governments', the lower the firm's capacity utilization. Our findings suggest the fiscal and taxation system reform should correct local governments' improper incentives and eliminate the negative effects of the distorted intergovernmental fiscal relationships on firms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100238,"journal":{"name":"China Economic Quarterly International","volume":"1 4","pages":"Pages 331-343"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666933121000514/pdfft?md5=319186288f19bfbcd2fdeff9028ec62d&pid=1-s2.0-S2666933121000514-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78306014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The unintended impact of housing provident fund on income inequality in urban China","authors":"Yunhe Lu , Haiyuan Wan","doi":"10.1016/j.ceqi.2021.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceqi.2021.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We use the China Household Income Project (CHIP) data to evaluate the impact of the Housing Provident Fund (HPF) on income inequality in urban China. We find that urban residents differ significantly in their accessibility to and intensity of utilization of the HPF. Those who work in the public sector, in monopolistic industries, and possess managerial or professional occupations are more likely to benefit from the HPF, leading to further income inequality. Our research also emphasizes four mechanisms through which the HPF affects income inequality. The foregone interest due to compulsory HPF saving is the only mechanism that decreases the inequality, whereas the employer's match, personal income tax exemption on the HPF, and lower interest expense due to acquiring the HPF loan increase inequality. The evidence highlights the HPF's unintended redistributive impacts and thus the necessity of enhancing equity in the ongoing HPF reform.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100238,"journal":{"name":"China Economic Quarterly International","volume":"1 4","pages":"Pages 308-318"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666933121000496/pdfft?md5=2ca7601cce871eb0b5417fea497e79aa&pid=1-s2.0-S2666933121000496-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72690150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"District heating versus self-heating: Estimation of energy efficiency gap using regression discontinuity design","authors":"Jing Jin , Yucheng Wang , Xinye Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.ceqi.2021.08.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceqi.2021.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper employs regression discontinuity design to estimate the impact of heating modes on residents’ energy consumption, energy efficiency gap, and energy usage behavior, using the Chinese Residential Energy Consumption Survey (CRECS). We find that district heating increases total energy consumption and total heating expenditure. However, energy consumption and expenditure per unit of district heating are lower than self-heating, which means a positive energy efficiency gap between district heating and self-heating. With the estimates, we construct a model of household heating expenditure. The counterfactual simulation shows that district heating expenditure would be reduced by more than 35% if the heating fee is charged based on actual usage. We suggest government provide a quantity-based district heating service by implementing a two-part tariff pricing strategy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100238,"journal":{"name":"China Economic Quarterly International","volume":"1 3","pages":"Pages 208-220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ceqi.2021.08.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86334853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Decentralization and development of small cites: Evidence from county-to-city upgrading in China","authors":"Wei Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.ceqi.2021.05.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceqi.2021.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper examines how decentralization of administrative and fiscal authority affects the development of small cities by exploiting a unique reform of county-to-city upgrading (<em>chexiansheshi</em>) in China. Based on a comprehensive county-level dataset and difference-in-difference approach, I evaluate the overall as well as heterogenous effect of upgrading policy between 1993 and 1997 on local economic development. The policy impacts are most pronounced in eastern regions and counties with higher initial agglomeration level. While the effect on economic development is insignificant in middle and western regions, it greatly expanded local bureaucracy size in these areas. I discuss the potential channels of policy effects under a simple decentralization framework with heterogeneous regions. These findings suggest that decentralization might generate entirely different consequences, relying on the level of local development potential. For this reason, it is important for the policy makers to fully take into account regional heterogeneity in optimizing decentralization policy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100238,"journal":{"name":"China Economic Quarterly International","volume":"1 3","pages":"Pages 191-207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ceqi.2021.05.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92069098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Social mobility in China, 1645–2012: A surname study","authors":"Yu Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.ceqi.2021.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ceqi.2021.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper estimates the rate of intergenerational social mobility of status in Late Imperial, Republican and Communist China by examining the changing social status of originally elite surnames over time. It finds much lower rates of mobility in all eras than previous studies have suggested, though there is some increase in mobility in the Republican and Communist eras. But even in the Communist era social mobility rates are much lower than are conventionally estimated for China, Scandinavia, the UK or USA. These findings are consistent with the hypotheses of Campbell and Lee (2011) of the importance of kin networks in the intergenerational transmission of status. But we argue it more likely reflects mainly a systematic tendency of conventional mobility studies to overestimate rates of social mobility of status, where status is partially measured by income, wealth and education at individual or household level.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100238,"journal":{"name":"China Economic Quarterly International","volume":"1 3","pages":"Pages 233-243"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ceqi.2021.08.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88949818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}