Brain Organoid and Systems Neuroscience Journal最新文献

{"title":"Harnessing artificial intelligence for transforming dementia care: Innovations in early detection and treatment","authors":"Saadeddine Habbal ,&nbsp;Maamoon Mian ,&nbsp;Musa Imam ,&nbsp;Jihane Tahiri ,&nbsp;Adam Amor ,&nbsp;P. Hemachandra Reddy","doi":"10.1016/j.bosn.2025.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bosn.2025.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dementia, particularly Alzheimer's Disease, continues to be a significant global health concern, driven by increasing prevalence as the population ages. Early detection and accurate diagnosis are essential for improving patient outcomes and mitigating the associated healthcare burden. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a powerful tool in dementia care, providing innovative approaches to the early detection, diagnosis, and management of these neurodegenerative conditions. This review examines the role of AI in revolutionizing dementia care by focusing on its application in neuroimaging, biomarker identification, predictive modeling, and therapeutic interventions. This narrative review synthesizes recent literature on AI methodologies, including machine learning, deep learning, and neural networks, for their effectiveness in detecting and managing dementia. Emphasis is placed on AI’s integration of multimodal data, such as neuroimaging, genomics, and clinical records, to enhance diagnostic accuracy and predict disease progression. The review also evaluates AI-driven tools for non-invasive screening, personalized treatment planning, and patient monitoring. Findings indicate that AI significantly improves the accuracy and timeliness of dementia diagnoses, often detecting early-stage disease with greater precision than conventional methods. AI’s capacity to analyze complex datasets enables earlier interventions, which are critical for slowing the progression of AD. In the realm of treatment, AI-driven approaches are optimizing personalized care, predicting patient responses to therapies, and advancing drug discovery. The integration of AI into clinical practice is enhancing real-time decision-making and improving overall disease management. In conclusion, AI holds immense potential to transform the future of dementia care. While challenges such as ethical considerations, data privacy, and the need for widespread clinical validation remain, the benefits of AI in early detection, personalized treatment, and improved patient outcomes are substantial. Continued research and cross-disciplinary collaboration will be vital in fully realizing AI’s capabilities in addressing the global dementia epidemic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100198,"journal":{"name":"Brain Organoid and Systems Neuroscience Journal","volume":"3 ","pages":"Pages 122-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144116290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural and functional covariance architecture of major depressive disorder: A meta-analytic structural equation modeling approach to primary neuroimaging analysis","authors":"Jodie P. Gray ,&nbsp;Larry R. Price ,&nbsp;Crystal Franklin ,&nbsp;Cassandra D. Leonardo ,&nbsp;Florence L. Chiang ,&nbsp;Ki Sueng Choi ,&nbsp;John Blangero ,&nbsp;David C. Glahn ,&nbsp;Helen S. Mayberg ,&nbsp;Peter T. Fox","doi":"10.1016/j.bosn.2025.04.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bosn.2025.04.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neuroimaging studies of major depressive disorder (MDD) report widespread disease-attributed abnormalities of brain structure and function. However, reports from mass univariate-driven studies are inconsistent. The objective of this study was to determine if a neuroimaging-based biomarker of MDD, which can reliably distinguish patients from healthy controls, can be generated using multivariate measures. Multivariate modeling of MDD was achieved through generation of a meta-analytic node-and-edge network model of MDD in which disease impacted brain regions (nodes) and their covariances (edges) were quantified with structural equation modeling (SEM). SEM assessment and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis in primary datasets served to test our hypothesis that multivariate analyses of MDD provide improved signal over mass univariate methods. Brain areas reliably impacted by MDD (nodes) and their covariances (edges) were informed by previously published coordinate-based meta-analysis activation/anatomical likelihood estimation (CBMA-ALE) by our group. Meta-analytic model was then fit in primary structural (T1) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data and resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) data. Primary datasets were derived from two previously recruited cohorts. Outcome measures (testing for differences between MDD and controls) from standardized SEM included: a) model goodness of fit assessment, and b) individual edge strength. SEM measures were assessed in heterogeneous MDD patient groups, and subsequently re-tested in 7 clinical subgroups of MDD patients. Meta-analytically generated MDD network model yielded 9 nodes with 6 edges among the regions. Model goodness of fit in meta-analytic datasets were good to exceptional. Model goodness of fit in regionally sampled gray matter density in primary T1 data was exceptional in clinical subgroups of MDD, poor in clinically heterogeneous subgroups of MDD, and poor in healthy control subjects. VBM analysis of the same T1 datasets yielded sparse results. Model goodness did not distinguish MDD from controls in regionally sampled primary rs-fMRI. These findings support our hypothesis of improved multivariate signal in MDD compared to findings derived from mass univariate analyses, however this effect was only detectable in T1 data (groupwise). Improved SEM goodness of fit in clinical subgroups of MDD patients supports our hypothesis of detectable neuroimaging effects of clinical heterogeneity in MDD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100198,"journal":{"name":"Brain Organoid and Systems Neuroscience Journal","volume":"3 ","pages":"Pages 96-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143891784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fast directed q-analysis for brain graphs","authors":"Felix Windisch,&nbsp;Florian Unger","doi":"10.1016/j.bosn.2025.04.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bosn.2025.04.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent innovations in reconstructing large scale, full-precision, neuron-synapse-level connectomes demand subsequent improvements to graph analysis methods, to keep up with the growing complexity and size of the data. One such tool is the recently introduced <em>directed</em> <span><math><mi>q</mi></math></span><em>-analysis</em>. We present numerous improvements, theoretical and applied, to this technique. On the theoretical side, we introduce modified definitions for key elements of directed <span><math><mi>q</mi></math></span>-analysis, which remedy a well-hidden and previously undetected bias. This also leads to new, beneficial perspectives to the associated computational challenges. Most importantly, we present a high-speed, publicly available, low-level implementation that provides speed-ups of several orders of magnitude on <em>C. Elegans</em>. Furthermore, the speed gains grow with the size of the considered graph. This is made possible due to the mathematical and algorithmic improvements as well as a carefully crafted implementation. These speed-ups enable, for the first time, the analysis of full-sized connectomes like those obtained by recent reconstructive methods.</div><div>Additionally, the speed-ups allow comparative analysis to corresponding null models, appropriately designed randomly structured artificial graphs that do not correspond to actual brains. This in turn, allows for assessing the efficacy and usefulness of directed <span><math><mi>q</mi></math></span>-analysis for studying the brain. We report on the results in this paper.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100198,"journal":{"name":"Brain Organoid and Systems Neuroscience Journal","volume":"3 ","pages":"Pages 115-121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of omics to explore novel disease pathways in Down Syndrome neurodegeneration – Focusing on integrated stress response","authors":"Beatriz Barros-Santos ,&nbsp;Carlos Campos-Marques ,&nbsp;Andreia Filipa Salvador ,&nbsp;Joana Margarida Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.bosn.2025.04.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bosn.2025.04.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Down Syndrome is characterized by the trisomy of chromosome 21, leading to widespread molecular and neurological alterations, including early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Emerging evidence highlights the role of RNA metabolism, RNA-binding proteins, and stress granules in these processes. The integrated stress response, a key regulator of translation and protein homeostasis, may be particularly disrupted in DS due to the overexpression of genes involved in the balance between protein degradation and RNA transcription. However, its impact on neurodegeneration in DS remains poorly understood. This project aims to integrate transcriptomic and proteomic data from human and animal models with Down Syndrome to dissect the interplay between integrated stress response, RNA-binding proteins, and stress granule dynamics. By identifying key molecular disruptions in RNA homeostasis and protein synthesis, we aim to investigate novel disease-driving mechanisms that can be conserved among species. These insights will likely help to establish ISR as a potential therapeutic target, advancing our understanding of DS-related neurodegenerative pathways that could be behind the age-related neurodegeneration observed in DS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100198,"journal":{"name":"Brain Organoid and Systems Neuroscience Journal","volume":"3 ","pages":"Pages 89-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143891785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inter subject variability analysis in normal ageing and prodromal AD","authors":"Surya Das ,&nbsp;Subha D. Puthankattil","doi":"10.1016/j.bosn.2025.04.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bosn.2025.04.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inter subject variability examines the individual similarity/difference in neural dynamics within a population, both during rest and cognitive tasks. The current study investigates inter subject similarity using Inter Subject Correlation (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>ISC</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>corr</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>), Inter Subject Coherence (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>ISC</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>coh</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) and Inter Subject Functional Connectivity (ISFC) in prodromal AD and healthy controls. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were recorded from 13 prodromal AD and 20 healthy subjects belonging to an ageing population. Inter subject correlation and inter subject coherence were estimated for all the EEG channels for each subject pair. Weighted phase lag index (WPLI) based functional connectivity is used for estimating ISFC. Reduction in values of <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>ISC</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>corr</mi></mrow></msub><mspace></mspace><mrow><mi>and</mi></mrow><mspace></mspace><msub><mrow><mi>ISC</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>coh</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> was observed in all the recording conditions for the patient group with respect to the healthy controls, with statistically significant difference being observed only in the resting state. ISFC analysis showed a reduction in inter subject similarity in the prodromal AD patient group in comparison to the healthy controls in both resting and cognitive tasks. Results from the study infers the reduction <span><math><mrow><mi>of</mi><mspace></mspace><msub><mrow><mi>ISC</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>corr</mi></mrow></msub><mspace></mspace><mrow><mi>and</mi></mrow><mspace></mspace><msub><mrow><mi>ISC</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>coh</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> and ISFC in the patient group indicating a reduction in intersubject similarity. The reduction in intersubject similarity observed in prodromal AD group may result from the heterogeneity of brain dynamics within the population during the progression of AD. The study further highlights that the reduction in intersubject similarity is more pronounced during resting states compared to cognitive tasks. Future studies shall benefit from examining intersubject similarity within the patient group which could aid in the development of biomarkers for early detection of the disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100198,"journal":{"name":"Brain Organoid and Systems Neuroscience Journal","volume":"3 ","pages":"Pages 107-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143905887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trehalose, but not other sugars, protects HT22 cells against amyloid-beta toxicity","authors":"Yue Xu ,&nbsp;Kartar Singh ,&nbsp;Michael A. Beazely ,&nbsp;Zoya Leonenko","doi":"10.1016/j.bosn.2025.04.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bosn.2025.04.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Trehalose sugar is being explored as a health supplement in Alzheimer’s Disease due to its neuroprotective potential, which is hypothesized to be mainly due to its regulation of pathological amyloid-beta (Aβ) production and aggregation via metabolic pathways. However, the impact of trehalose on neuronal systems against amyloid toxicity is unclear. This work presents a study of the impact of trehalose at different concentrations on HT22 cell viability and explores whether trehalose can directly reduce cell death caused by exogenous Aβ1–42 oligomers. We used an MTT cell viability assay to evaluate the viability of HT22 cells exposure to exogenous Aβ1–42 oligomers alone or in combination with trehalose and several other sugars. Our results reveal that trehalose has a protective effect on the cell viability against Aβ1–42 oligomers, while other sugars, lactulose, sucrose, and fructose, provided no protection against amyloid toxicity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100198,"journal":{"name":"Brain Organoid and Systems Neuroscience Journal","volume":"3 ","pages":"Pages 69-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aversive memory engrams in the hippocampus","authors":"Julia Leschik","doi":"10.1016/j.bosn.2025.04.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bosn.2025.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Negative episodic memories exert important control of behavioral responses during a real or anticipated threatening situation. Under pathological states, however, this control can extend to non-threatening scenarios. For example, pathological states of aversive memory involve fear-overgeneralization in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or other anxiety disorders. Furthermore, negative bias in cognitive processing and memory formation is seen in depressed individuals displaying enhanced encoding and recall, less forgetting or repetition of negative memory (rumination) as well as impaired recall of positive memory. Beyond pathological conditions, researchers have long aimed to understand the basic biological entity of memory. This unit termed “engram” is the cellular and molecular component of enduring physiological changes in the brain, enabling learning and memory retrieval. Herein, the hippocampus is central in the formation of context-dependent episodic memories and therefore most often studied in animal experiments to elucidate complex memory traces. In addition, the hippocampus is critically involved in fear-circuits and stress-related dysfunction. This review summarizes current knowledge about memory engrams in hippocampal (sub)regions and their functional relevance regarding neuronal correlates and rodent behavior. A special focus is placed on the negative valence of a memory and the formation of engrams for aversive memories, specifically induced by fear or stress. Finally, limitations of current engram research and possible future directions to improve our understanding of negatively valued memory and its implications in neuropathological conditions will be discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100198,"journal":{"name":"Brain Organoid and Systems Neuroscience Journal","volume":"3 ","pages":"Pages 79-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the implementation of single-cell omics and CRISPR screens for iPSC-models of Parkinson’s disease","authors":"Victoria Lievens ,&nbsp;Hugo J.R. Fernandes","doi":"10.1016/j.bosn.2025.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bosn.2025.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Parkinson’s disease (PD) is currently the fastest growing neurological condition, with an urgent need for effective treatments to slow or stop disease progression. The advent of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) models has significantly enhanced our understanding of PD by providing unprecedented access to disease-relevant cell types. These PD <em>in vitro</em> models have provided novels insights into mitochondrial dysfunction, lysosomal and autophagic dysregulation, protein aggregation, stress response, inflammation and metabolic perturbations. However, cellular heterogeneity and variability across iPSC lines are inherent limitations of these models which are often overlooked. Here we discuss ongoing efforts and opportunities to improve PD models by incorporating recent advancements in single-cell multi-omics analyses. We also highlight the lack of genetic CRISPR screens using iPSC-models of PD and discuss current limitations and prospects. We argue that implementing and combining these tools has the potential to unlock novel insights into the pathological mechanisms of PD that could lead to new therapeutic targets for this devastating disorder.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100198,"journal":{"name":"Brain Organoid and Systems Neuroscience Journal","volume":"3 ","pages":"Pages 73-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Studying the neural correlates of upper aerodigestive tract functions under natural conditions: A protocol using functional near-infrared spectroscopy, cervical acoustics, and accelerometry","authors":"Yohan Gallois ,&nbsp;Jeanne Souche ,&nbsp;Yann Lemaire ,&nbsp;Lila Gravellier ,&nbsp;Pascal Barone ,&nbsp;Linda Nicolini ,&nbsp;Jérome Farinas ,&nbsp;Pascal Gaillard ,&nbsp;Virginie Woisard","doi":"10.1016/j.bosn.2025.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bosn.2025.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) is a complex structure with multiple synchronized vital functions, including swallowing and breathing, that rely on central neurological controls and cervical effectors. Reference UADT assessments have questionable limitations in natural conditions. Here, we describe our new protocol addressing these limitations. Our protocol combines three non-invasive technologies to evaluate UADT functions in natural conditions. We aim to correlate the cortical and cervical activities of UADT functions in a real-world context.</div></div><div><h3>New method</h3><div>Healthy subjects perform speech, coughing, throat clearing, and swallowing tasks in a natural sitting position. Cervical evaluation uses acoustic and accelerometric measures that reflect the laryngeal movements and bolus progression. We manually segment the events of each task. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy measures the concurrent cortical activity from the bilateral inferior pericentral regions, including the laryngeal sensorimotor cortices. We statistically compare event signal duration and bolus types under volitional and spontaneous conditions across the three technologies.</div></div><div><h3>Comparison with existing methods</h3><div>Reference UADT evaluations show limitations: cervical assessment references are irradiating (videofluoroscopy) or invasive (flexible nasal laryngoscopy); neurological assessment with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) does not allow swallowing in sitting position.</div></div><div><h3>Expected results and perspectives</h3><div>We aim to validate this protocol in natural settings and correlate cervical activity with cortical responses. This protocol opens perspectives to investigations on UADT functions in subjects currently with reduced access to gold standards, including children and dysphagic subjects with neurological dystonia.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>We propose an innovative protocol for UADT evaluation in non-invasive natural conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100198,"journal":{"name":"Brain Organoid and Systems Neuroscience Journal","volume":"3 ","pages":"Pages 56-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143816880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive review of in vitro gut-brain axis models in Parkinson’s disease research","authors":"John Nicholas Cauba,&nbsp;Jihoo Woo,&nbsp;Russell W. Wiggins,&nbsp;Shizue Mito","doi":"10.1016/j.bosn.2025.03.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bosn.2025.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This systematic review critically evaluates <em>in vitro</em> gut-brain axis models based on their effectiveness in advancing treatment strategies for Parkinson’s disease (PD). Models such as microfluidic devices, combined organ-on-a-chips (OOCs), and gut-brain organoids are analyzed for their ability to replicate key PD mechanisms, including intestinal barrier dysfunction, microbial dysbiosis, and α-synuclein aggregation. While these models are prospective tools in isolating facets of PD pathology such as microbiota modulation, neurotoxin transport, and neuroinflammation mitigation, challenges remain in their physiological relevance, scalability, and translational potential. This review discusses the designs and limitations of the latest <em>in vitro</em> models and identifies areas that may enhance their utility in developing effective treatments for PD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100198,"journal":{"name":"Brain Organoid and Systems Neuroscience Journal","volume":"3 ","pages":"Pages 44-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143808376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}