Automotive and Engine Technology最新文献_第5页

Development of a model for the prediction of occupant loads in vehicle crashes: introduction of the Real Occupant Load Criterion for Prediction (ROLC(_p)) 车辆碰撞中乘员载荷预测模型的开发：引入实际乘员载荷预测标准（ROLC（_p））

Automotive and Engine Technology Pub Date : 2022-06-23 DOI: 10.1007/s41104-022-00111-x

Maximilian Rabus, Mohamed Karim Belaid, Simon Alexander Maurer, Stefan Hiermaier

{"title":"Development of a model for the prediction of occupant loads in vehicle crashes: introduction of the Real Occupant Load Criterion for Prediction (ROLC(_p))","authors":"Maximilian Rabus, Mohamed Karim Belaid, Simon Alexander Maurer, Stefan Hiermaier","doi":"10.1007/s41104-022-00111-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-022-00111-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The objective in the development of passive vehicle safety systems is to protect the occupants in case of an accident. The severity of injuries experienced by the occupants are, among other factors, evaluated based on sensor signals from instrumented dummies in crash tests. Dummy signals, the so-called occupant loads, highly depend on the properties of vehicle structure and restraint systems. These properties need to be defined in very early stages of the development process. To support the engineers in their decision process, different metrics are used to evaluate the vehicle deceleration, the so-called crash pulse. These metrics do not consider the influences of vehicle-specific restraint system properties and can therefore only be used for pulse characterization. They are not suitable to make statements about the expected occupant loads in a crash test. For an efficient design of the passive safety systems, it is important to gain insights on the interaction between vehicle structure and restraint system properties in early stages of the development process. To predict occupant loads based on information, which is available in these early phases, a new method, the Real Occupant Load Criterion for Prediction (ROLC<span>(_p)</span>), is presented. By considering the vehicle pulse and specific restraint system properties in its calculation, the ROLC<span>(_p)</span> shows good correlation with the dummy’s maximum chest acceleration. As the ROLC<span>(_p)</span> can be used in early design phases, it represents a useful tool to improve the current vehicle safety development process.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"7 3-4","pages":"229 - 244"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50508103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comparison of the emission potential of renewable fuels in mono- and bi-fuel systems from the point of view of a car fleet in an incoming circular economy 从即将到来的循环经济中的车队角度比较单燃料和双燃料系统中可再生燃料的排放潜力

Automotive and Engine Technology Pub Date : 2022-06-14 DOI: 10.1007/s41104-022-00110-y

Florian Köhler, Martin Schenk, Claus Reulein, Helmut Eichlseder

{"title":"Comparison of the emission potential of renewable fuels in mono- and bi-fuel systems from the point of view of a car fleet in an incoming circular economy","authors":"Florian Köhler, Martin Schenk, Claus Reulein, Helmut Eichlseder","doi":"10.1007/s41104-022-00110-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-022-00110-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The aim of the study is to investigate the most effective approach to reduce the emissions of a SI-engine while using a limited amount of renewable fuel. In this study, the renewable fuels ethanol, methanol, 2-ethoxy-2-methylpropane (ETBE), acetone, and dimethylformamide (DMF) were investigated with various fixed admixture rates and with a fully variable on-board fuel mixture (Smart-Fuel concept). One result of the study is that for a Smart-Fuel concept using methanol a reduction in CO<sub>2</sub> emissions of approx. 12.5% and a reduction in particulate emissions of approx. 60% can be achieved, when considering an entire car fleet. In terms of engine efficiency, as well as particulate emissions, the pure substances, except DMF, achieved significant improvements compared to standard gasoline. Compared with the pure substances, the Smart-Fuel concept achieved lower advantages; however, it used significantly less scarcely available renewable fuel in the process. Based on the limited availability of renewable fuels within the first stages of a circular economy, the Smart-Fuel concept proves to be a very efficient transition technology to achieve the CO<sub>2</sub> reduction targets. The Smart-Fuel concept only uses renewable fuel when it is worthwhile in terms of efficiency or emissions. Predefined fuel blends in a mono-fuel concept offer much less reduction potential in terms of emissions than the Smart-Fuel concept. However, with respect to particulate raw emissions, especially for moderate mixing rates significantly increased particle emissions are sometimes observed, despite the overall very good performance of the pure substances.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"7 3-4","pages":"217 - 227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-022-00110-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50480522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Avoiding structural redundancies between the vehicle body and the battery housing based on a functional integration approach 基于功能集成方法避免车身和电池外壳之间的结构冗余

Automotive and Engine Technology Pub Date : 2022-04-30 DOI: 10.1007/s41104-022-00106-8

Christopher Krüger, Sebastian Spohr, David Merdivan, Peter Urban

引用次数: 1

Holistic vehicle parametrization on a handling roadway 装卸道路上车辆的整体参数化

Automotive and Engine Technology Pub Date : 2022-04-30 DOI: 10.1007/s41104-022-00107-7

Daniel Zeitvogel, Werner Krantz, Jens Neubeck, Andreas Wagner

{"title":"Holistic vehicle parametrization on a handling roadway","authors":"Daniel Zeitvogel, Werner Krantz, Jens Neubeck, Andreas Wagner","doi":"10.1007/s41104-022-00107-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-022-00107-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the vehicle development process, the availability of vehicle models is of essential importance for design and validation of the driving characteristics. These vehicle models, which have to fulfill the requirements of the specific application in terms of complexity and level of detail, can be obtained using a multitude of established processes. These include, for example, the derivation of real-time capable models from MBS models, the measurement of subsystems on specialized test benches, but also the characterization of the overall vehicle behavior based on road measurements. IFS and FKFS operate a Handling Roadway whose primary field of applications is the examination of overall vehicle dynamics under laboratory conditions. However, the institutes also pursue the goal of expanding the range of applications to include the parametrization of complete vehicle models and their subsystems. To analyze the potentials of such a method, measurements are conducted which are used to identify fundamental vehicle characteristics. For this purpose, the sensors already available as part of the test system are complemented by wheel force transducers and wheel vector sensors. The measurements are used to parametrize the tire, K&C, steering, and spring parameters of a vehicle model for lateral dynamics tests. Simulations of dynamic driving maneuvers show a good comparability with equivalent dynamic tests performed on the test system.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"7 3-4","pages":"209 - 216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50524716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Numerical optimisation of the diffuser in a typical turbocharger compressor using the adjoint method 典型涡轮增压器压气机扩压器的伴随法数值优化

Automotive and Engine Technology Pub Date : 2022-04-23 DOI: 10.1007/s41104-022-00108-6

Kristaq Hazizi, Ahad Ramezanpour, Aaron Costall

{"title":"Numerical optimisation of the diffuser in a typical turbocharger compressor using the adjoint method","authors":"Kristaq Hazizi, Ahad Ramezanpour, Aaron Costall","doi":"10.1007/s41104-022-00108-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-022-00108-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the automotive industry, the demand for fuel economy and emission reduction has resulted in engine downsizing, with turbochargers playing a key role in compensating for the performance loss. To be effective, a turbocharger’s compressor must be accurately designed to match the engine’s requirements. This study presents a novel non-parametric optimisation of the turbocharger compressor diffuser based on the compressor efficiency. The numerical models are based on the validation and mesh dependency study against experimental data from three points on each speed line of 150,000 (rpm) and 80,000 (rpm). The geometry and case data are related to the TD025-05T4 compressor from the 1.2-L Renault Megane passenger car. The turbocharger compressor diffuser geometry was optimised using the adjoint solver method within ANSYS FLUENT 2019 R1. The adjoint solver provides a gradient-based optimisation that can automatically create a series of iterations of a design, so that the mesh gradually deforms into an optimal shape to achieve a single target, the compressor efficiency in this study. The study considers a total of six operating cases on the compressor map to optimise the full and partial load compressor operations, leading to a real-world drive cycle. These cases are the three cases (closer to surge, stable midpoint, and closer to the choke point) on each of the speed lines. A typical result for mid-stable operation on a 150,000 (rpm) speed line shows a gradual increase in efficiency up to a maximum of 2.6% improvement. The optimal diffuser geometry impacts the overall car engine efficiency for real-world drive cycles, increasing power output and improving thermal efficiency.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"7 1-2","pages":"179 - 196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-022-00108-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50506581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Energy-based debounce of mode shift frequency for optimization-based hybrid vehicle control strategies 基于优化的混合动力汽车控制策略中基于能量的模式移频反跳

Automotive and Engine Technology Pub Date : 2022-04-15 DOI: 10.1007/s41104-022-00105-9

Carsten Trautmann, Markus Fugel, Ferit Küçükay

{"title":"Energy-based debounce of mode shift frequency for optimization-based hybrid vehicle control strategies","authors":"Carsten Trautmann, Markus Fugel, Ferit Küçükay","doi":"10.1007/s41104-022-00105-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-022-00105-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Solving the optimal control problem within optimization-based hybrid control strategies usually leads to high frequency changes between driving modes. Depending on the powertrain configuration, these mode shifts can simply mean activation and deactivation of the internal combustion engine (ICE), switching between different hybrid modes, e.g. series and parallel driving or even gear selection. Especially under dynamic as well as real driving conditions any kind of post-processing is very likely required for limitation of this frequency due to drivability reasons. Most commonly used are time domain filters, hystereses or penalty terms. Nevertheless, these post-processing methods affect the fuel efficiency of the control strategy itself and do not achieve optimal behaviour under all circumstances. Therefore, in this paper, a new possibility for debounce of mode shifts has been investigated using dynamic longitudinal vehicle simulation. By including a physical transition cost vs. benefit estimation for each possible shift in driving mode an energy-based debounce method can be set up. The proposed method enables further improvements towards optimal control. The debounce approach itself requires no predictive knowledge. Recently, both drivability and efficiency can be obtained simultaneously and even for customer use.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"7 1-2","pages":"165 - 178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50482711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Impact of engine oil volatility and viscosity on blow-by aerosol formation 机油挥发性和粘度对窜漏气溶胶形成的影响

Automotive and Engine Technology Pub Date : 2022-03-08 DOI: 10.1007/s41104-022-00102-y

Kai-Michael Scheiber, Niclas Nowak, Magnus Lukas Lorenz, Jürgen Pfeil, Thomas Koch, Gerhard Kasper

{"title":"Impact of engine oil volatility and viscosity on blow-by aerosol formation","authors":"Kai-Michael Scheiber, Niclas Nowak, Magnus Lukas Lorenz, Jürgen Pfeil, Thomas Koch, Gerhard Kasper","doi":"10.1007/s41104-022-00102-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-022-00102-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Particulate emissions from diesel engines are a matter of public concern and continued industrial development. For an internal combustion engine, particles may originate either from the after treatment box or from the crankcase ventilation system. This paper quantifies and discusses particle sources within the crankcase ventilation system of a medium-duty 4-cylinder and a heavy-duty 6-cylinder engine and their dependence on the engine oil parameters viscosity (expressed as Noack number) and HTHS volatility. Crankcase aerosol spectra were measured by an optical particle counter in the size range of 0.3–5 µm. For a few cases data of filter samples downstream the separator unit are discussed for the total blow-by aerosol. Engines were found to behave very similarly with regard to changes in either oil parameter, with volatility generally being the far stronger factor of influence. Total particle mass concentration increased by a factor of up to 5 for a rise in Noack volatility of about 13–25%. The mass concentration downstream of the separator also increases with oil volatility. A variation of HTHS viscosity from 3.5 to 2.6 mPas generated a marginal change in aerosol output by a factor of about 1.2. However, and unexpectedly, the most viscose oil generated the relatively highest particle mass concentrations for both engines.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"7 1-2","pages":"153 - 163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-022-00102-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50463792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Thermodynamic investigation of performance and emission study of miller cycle-type engine with the novel eccentric drive mechanism 新型偏心驱动机构米勒循环发动机性能及排放的热力学研究

Automotive and Engine Technology Pub Date : 2022-03-06 DOI: 10.1007/s41104-021-00100-6

Jeewan Vachan Tirkey

{"title":"Thermodynamic investigation of performance and emission study of miller cycle-type engine with the novel eccentric drive mechanism","authors":"Jeewan Vachan Tirkey","doi":"10.1007/s41104-021-00100-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-021-00100-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Improvement in fuel conversion efficiency in an internal combustion engine increases power and reduces fuel consumption. The efficiency of an engine increases either by the increase in compression ratio or expansion ratio. This paper presents a new concept for a higher expansion process in comparison to compression process stroke on the base of the Miller cycle, rather than early or late closing inlet valves. The proposed mechanism works with eccentric crankshaft movement around the eccentric-derived path to achieve a shorter compression process and longer over-expansion process stroke. The theoretical simulation results of SI engine were obtained using thermodynamic quasi-dimensional combustion (burned and unburned zone) power cycle integrated with the intake and exhaust system. The best result of over-expansion (OE) system over non-OE has been observed at 1500–2000 rpm, and the corresponding results are: increment in indicated thermal efficiency from 36 to 38.5%, brake torque from 32 to 46 N-m, brake power from 6.52 to 9.46 kW and indicated power from 7.36 to 10.89 kW, and maximum BSFC decrement 5.42% at 1500 rpm. OE system has a higher value of CO concentration throughout the speed range; however, the NO concentration in ppm decreased by 1.62% at 1500 rpm at the same EVO crank angle. Thus, this mechanism offers significant benefits in thermal efficiency, fuel consumption, and NO emission. And, it is highly beneficial at 1500–2000 rpm engine run, which shows most suitable for engine-integrated electric power generation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"7 1-2","pages":"137 - 152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-021-00100-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50457040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Hybrid model for exhaust systems in vehicle thermal management simulations 汽车热管理仿真中排气系统的混合模型

Automotive and Engine Technology Pub Date : 2022-02-25 DOI: 10.1007/s41104-022-00104-w

Saad Ahmed, Hermann Rottengruber, Markus Full

{"title":"Hybrid model for exhaust systems in vehicle thermal management simulations","authors":"Saad Ahmed, Hermann Rottengruber, Markus Full","doi":"10.1007/s41104-022-00104-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-022-00104-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Using Vehicle Thermal Management (VTM) simulations to predict the thermal load experienced by components is a popular method within the automotive industry. The VTM simulation approach is fast becoming equivalent to conducting thermal load tests with prototypes for vehicles powered by internal combustion engines. This is especially true in the early development phase of the vehicle. The accuracy of the VTM simulations plays a pivotal role at them being accepted as an eventual replacement for physical testing. The correct prediction of thermal loads in VTM simulations depends on a multitude of different parameters, but the modelling of the exhaust system plays a central role in it. This is because the exhaust gas, and with it the exhaust system, is the primary source of heat in a vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine. The developed approach not only needs to be accurate but also modular enough to allow for different exhaust configurations to be tested. It also needs to be capable of integration into any VTM simulation workflow while maintaining an industrially acceptable turnaround time. This paper explores a new methodology to achieve these requirements. A 1D/3D hybrid approach to exhaust system modelling is presented. In this, the components that have an enthalpy change of the exhaust gas, such as the turbocharger, have been modelled as 1D and simple components such as pipes have been modelled in 3D. This has the advantage of combining the speed of 1D simulations with the spatial accuracy of 3D simulations. The method uses a unique three-code co-simulation technique for full vehicle VTM simulations. The coupling is between a 3D CFD software, a 1D simulation tool, and a Finite Element based thermal solver. The methodology was validated against experimental data for multiple loadcases. The results show good agreement with experiment within acceptable tolerances.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"7 1-2","pages":"115 - 136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-022-00104-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50511583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

A model predictive control approach for highly automated vehicles in urban environments 城市环境中高度自动化车辆的模型预测控制方法

Automotive and Engine Technology Pub Date : 2022-02-24 DOI: 10.1007/s41104-022-00103-x

Miralem Saljanin, Sven Müller, Jochen Kiebler, Jens Neubeck, Andreas Wagner

引用次数: 0