Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere最新文献_第4页

Simulation of the energy budget of an urban canyon—I. Model structure and sensitivity test 城市峡谷能量收支模拟[j]。模型结构及灵敏度试验

Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere Pub Date : 1993-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/0957-1272(93)90002-N

Gerald M. Mills

{"title":"Simulation of the energy budget of an urban canyon—I. Model structure and sensitivity test","authors":"Gerald M. Mills","doi":"10.1016/0957-1272(93)90002-N","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0957-1272(93)90002-N","url":null,"abstract":"<div>This paper presents the formulation and results of a simple numerical model designed to simulate the climate of an urban canyon. The model is two-dimensional in nature and is based on the observation that ambient airflow which tranverses the long-axis of a symmetrical canyon drives a circulating vortex within the canyon air space which results in the exchange of heat, mass and momentum at the canyon top. A simple model is described which consists of two components: a semi-empirical model to relate within-canyon airflow to ambient wind velocity, and an energy budget model for canyon surfaces. The model is capable of simulating many aspects of the canyon climate, including the canyon surface and top energy budget and surface and air temperatures. Sensitivity tests with the model indicate that the canyon top energy budget is remarkably stable for many changes in canyon parameters. Canyon geometry (expressed as a height/width ratio) caused the greatest changes with increased narrowness being associated with less heat exchange across the canyon top. The model's predictions appear intuitively reasonable and compare well with existing measurement data. The results suggest that the coupling between the urban boundary and canopy layers in terms of heat exchange may be a function of canyon geometry.</div>","PeriodicalId":100140,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere","volume":"27 2","pages":"Pages 157-170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0957-1272(93)90002-N","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88271655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 65

An analysis of microclimatic variation in a suburban environment 郊区环境小气候变化分析

Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere Pub Date : 1993-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/0957-1272(93)90001-M

L.O. Myrup ∗, C.E. McGinn, R.G. Flocchini

{"title":"An analysis of microclimatic variation in a suburban environment","authors":"L.O. Myrup ∗, C.E. McGinn, R.G. Flocchini","doi":"10.1016/0957-1272(93)90001-M","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0957-1272(93)90001-M","url":null,"abstract":"<div>An observational and modeling study of the microclimate of a suburban area, as related to the physical and biological nature of the site, is presented. The measurements and calculations are made in comparison with a nearby open agricultural location or “control site”. The measurement program was conducted during the summer of 1981 in Davis, CA, and consisted of a series of paired observations in which simultaneous measurements were made at a control site, located in a nearby rural area, and one suburban site at a time. Results indicate that this methodology was generally successful. The various suburban sites were as often cooler than the rural site as they were warmer. In one case, a suburban site was found to be substantially cooler, averaging 7.38°C over a 5 day period, than the rural site. This special case was observed to be associated with unusually dry environmental air resulting in large evaporative cooling in the plant canopy. Comparison between the suburban temperature deficit and the physical nature of the various sites reveals that canopy height explained most of the variance of this data set. Two generally important mechanisms are hypothesized to be operating in this system: the effect of canopy size on turbulent mixing and on site shading, especially of paved areas. A simple energy balance model was applied to study the processes that control the daytime suburban temperature deficit. In particular, it is found that suburban sites can be as cool as observed when the following conditions are obtained: low-canopy humidity, large canopy size, low wind speed and high radiation load. The model simulated the overall average suburban temperature deficit of all sites for physically reasonable choices of model parameters. It is pointed out that the fact that suburban areas may be cooler than surrounding rural areas may have significance to the problem of assessing the role of the urban heat island in relation to possible global warming.</div>","PeriodicalId":100140,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere","volume":"27 2","pages":"Pages 129-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0957-1272(93)90001-M","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73243294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 39

A neural network-based method for short-term predictions of ambient SO2 concentrations in highly polluted industrial areas of complex terrain 基于神经网络的复杂地形重污染工业区环境SO2浓度短期预测方法

Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere Pub Date : 1993-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/0957-1272(93)90007-S

Marija Boznar, Martin Lesjak, Primoz Mlakar

引用次数: 270

Laboratory measurements of sulfur dioxide deposition velocity on marble and dolomite stone surfaces 大理石和白云石表面二氧化硫沉积速度的实验室测量

Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere Pub Date : 1993-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/0957-1272(93)90005-Q

W.Geoffrey Cobourn, K.Lal Gauri, Sanjeev Tambe, Suhan Li, Emine Saltik

引用次数: 23

An application of NOAA AVHRR thermal data to the study of urban heat islands NOAA AVHRR热数据在城市热岛研究中的应用

Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere Pub Date : 1993-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/0957-1272(93)90041-4

Hyoun-Young Lee

{"title":"An application of NOAA AVHRR thermal data to the study of urban heat islands","authors":"Hyoun-Young Lee","doi":"10.1016/0957-1272(93)90041-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0957-1272(93)90041-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div>Brightness temperatures were derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) at channel 4 (10.5–11.5 μm) on the NOAA-9 and NOAA-10 satellites to examine the applicability of the AVHRR thermal data to the study of urban heat islands. Air and ground surface temperatures measured at meteorological stations in large cities (population over 300,000) in South Korea were compared with in situ brightness temperature data.The correlation coefficient between air temperatures and brightness temperatures is 0.85 and the relationship may be expressed by the regression: AT=0.59 BT + 2.54. This equation explains 73% of variances at the 0.02% significance level. The best-fit line, however, underestimates air temperatures in such heat-processing industrial cities as Ulsan and Pohang, where smoke puffs up from the high stacks of industrial plants, and overestimates them in the Seoul metropolitan area. The regression equation of ground surface temperatures on brightness temperatures explains 72% of variances. Assuming that optimal meteorological conditions can be selected, the regression equation can be used as a tool to assess air temperature fields in cities.Urban land-use, such as built-up, residential and industrial areas, was clearly identified from the AVHRR thermal data, while small-scale land-use, like parks, were not distinguishable. Brightness temperatures for the intensity of heat islands were related to the population size of cities. The areal magnitude of heat islands in the Seoul metropolitan area expanded considerably, reflecting the conurbation trend for the period 1986–1989. Urban temperatures in the area increased during the period, while temperature gradients declined.</div>","PeriodicalId":100140,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere","volume":"27 1","pages":"Pages 1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0957-1272(93)90041-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86883406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 83

Sources and composition of aerosol from Khartoum, Sudan 苏丹喀土穆气溶胶的来源和成分

Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere Pub Date : 1993-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/0957-1272(93)90046-9

Mohamed A.H. Eltayeb , Chris F. Xhoffer, Pierre J. Van Espen, RenéE. Van Grieken, Willy Maenhaut

{"title":"Sources and composition of aerosol from Khartoum, Sudan","authors":"Mohamed A.H. Eltayeb , Chris F. Xhoffer, Pierre J. Van Espen, RenéE. Van Grieken, Willy Maenhaut","doi":"10.1016/0957-1272(93)90046-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0957-1272(93)90046-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div>Aerosol sampling was carried out during December 1989 in Khartoum, Sudan, using Nuclepore membrane filters. Twenty-four aerosol samples were collected and analysed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry and particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). In addition, individual particle analysis was also performed on 19 samples using electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPXMA). Good agreement between XRF and PIXE results was obtained for most of the elements. Enrichment factor calculations indicated that soil dispersion is the dominant source for most elements in the aerosol. However, certain elements showed high enrichment factors indicating the presence of anthropogenic sources. From a comparison with available literature data it appeared that the enrichment factors for the enriched elements in the Khartoum aerosol are among the lowest recorded values for urban aerosol. Absolute principal components analysis (APCA) was performed on the data and confirmed the findings from the enrichment factor calculations, i.e. a dominant soil dispersion source and an anthropogenic source for some of the elements. Because of the very limited number of impotant aerosol sources, the data set was reporduced by the APCA model with a reasonable degree of success. Single particle analysis also showed that most of the particles were soil dust. These particles could further be differentiated into alumino-silicates, quartz and CaCO3 particles. Some of the particles were found to originate from combustion sources. EPXMA gave clues to the process of formation for some of the particles from combustion sources.</div>","PeriodicalId":100140,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere","volume":"27 1","pages":"Pages 67-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0957-1272(93)90046-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84802256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 13

Effect of anthropogenic activity on formate and acetate levels in precipitation at four sites in Agra, India 人为活动对印度阿格拉四个地点降水中甲酸和乙酸水平的影响

Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere Pub Date : 1993-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/0957-1272(93)90048-B

Nandini Kumar, U.C. Kulshreshta, A. Saxena, K.M. Kumari, S.S. Srivastava

引用次数: 22

Deposition of airborne organic pollutants on historic buildings 空气中有机污染物在历史建筑上的沉积

Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere Pub Date : 1993-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/0957-1272(93)90047-A

C. Saiz-Jimenez

引用次数: 136

Ground-level ozone in Montreal, Canada 加拿大蒙特利尔的地面臭氧

Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere Pub Date : 1993-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/0957-1272(93)90049-C

Ian G. McKendry

{"title":"Ground-level ozone in Montreal, Canada","authors":"Ian G. McKendry","doi":"10.1016/0957-1272(93)90049-C","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0957-1272(93)90049-C","url":null,"abstract":"<div>Analysis of hourly O3 and NOx data for nine stations for the period 1984–1990 indicates that urban Montreal forms a net sink for O3 in a regional regime characterized by the long-range transport of O3 and its precursors northeastward along the Windsor-Quebec corridor. At central city sites and those adjacent to major transport routes, scavenging of O3 by NO reduces maximum daily O3 concentrations by ∼50% on average. This effect is strongest in winter, when increased stability and reduced mixing leads to high NOx concentrations. The combination of scavenging and channeling of flow along the St Lawrence Valley produces distinct and persistent spatial patterns in the O3 field. The 82 ppb hourly O3 standard is exceeded simultaneously at two or more stations in Montreal on about 10 days per year. These episodes tend to be associated with persistent, slow moving anticyclonic systems. The considerable interannual variability in the frequency of high ozone episodes is related to interannual variability in the synoptic meteorological conditions conducive to ozone formation and long-range transport. VOC/NOx ratios of ∼5 ppbc/ppb at central city locations suggest that local NOx reduction strategies would likely increase ozone concentrations in urban Montreal. Consequently, effective VOC/NOx control initiatives need to be regional and international in scope.</div>","PeriodicalId":100140,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere","volume":"27 1","pages":"Pages 93-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0957-1272(93)90049-C","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75222643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 43

A review of the development and application of the Urban Airshed model 城市空气棚模型的发展与应用综述

Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere Pub Date : 1993-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/0957-1272(93)90043-6

Richard D. Scheffe, Ralph E. Morris

引用次数: 74