Applied Turfgrass Science最新文献

{"title":"Impact of Antimicrobial Compounds on Etiolation Caused by Xanthomonas translucens and on Turf Quality of Creeping Bentgrass Putting-Green Turf","authors":"Joseph A. Roberts,&nbsp;Michael D. Soika,&nbsp;David F. Ritchie","doi":"10.2134/ATS-2014-0047-RS","DOIUrl":"10.2134/ATS-2014-0047-RS","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Etiolation is an abnormal elongation and chlorosis of turfgrass plants that has become problematic in recent years, and bacteria have been implicated as causal agents. The frequent reports of etiolation are of concern to turfgrass managers, since management practices for bacterial diseases in turf are not well developed. The purpose of this research trial was to evaluate fungicides and nonregistered antibiotics for management of etiolation in creeping bentgrass turf. This 2-year field study evaluated oxytetracycline, streptomycin sulfate, acibenzolar-S-methyl + chlorothalonil (ASM + C), potassium phosphite (PPP), hydrogen dioxide, fosetyl-Al [pigmented (FAP) and nonpigmented (FA)], and copper + mancozeb for their effects on etiolation caused by <i>Xanthomonas translucens</i> on creeping bentgrass putting-green turf. Reductions in etiolation severity were observed with oxytetracycline treatment in both years and with ASM + C in the second year of study. While ASM + C did not reduce etiolation in the first year, turf quality with ASM + C alone and in combination with PPP was superior to all other treatments in both years. While PPP and FAP did not reduce etiolation, turf quality of these plots was often better than the control. Both antibiotics in addition to copper + mancozeb had phytotoxicity that reduced turf quality. Preventative applications of ASM + C were the most effective in reducing etiolation of creeping bentgrass while maintaining turf quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":100111,"journal":{"name":"Applied Turfgrass Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2134/ATS-2014-0047-RS","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"112179594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applicator and Primo Effects on the Persistence of Painted Golf Course Water Hazard and Out-of-Bounds Lines on Bermudagrass","authors":"Jack D. Fry,&nbsp;Jason K. Kruse","doi":"10.2134/ATS-2014-0037-RS","DOIUrl":"10.2134/ATS-2014-0037-RS","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Paint applied as an aerosol has been the standard in marking water hazards and out-of-bounds lines on golf courses. Experiments were conducted in Citra, FL and Manhattan, KS to compare aerosol treatments to paint applied in bulk with a backpack applicator or sport field line applicator, with or without the inclusion of the growth regulator Primo (active ingredient trinexapac ethyl), for persistence of water hazard and out-of-bounds lines on bermudagrass. Regardless of applicator type, no water hazard or out-of-bounds line retained acceptable color intensity longer than 5 weeks. Applying red paint in bulk with Primo through the backpack sprayer or sport field line applicator resulted in lines that provided a lateral water hazard line of acceptable color intensity for about 16 and 8 days longer in Florida and Kansas, respectively, compared to aerosol-applied paint. Likewise, white paint applied with Primo to mark out-of-bounds lines with a backpack applicator persisted about 6 days longer in Florida than that applied with an aerosol. Enhancing line intensity and persistence with bulk paint that is lower in price compared to aerosol paint, combined with Primo, may be of interest to golf course superintendents and others responsible for marking water hazard and out-of-bounds lines on golf courses.</p>","PeriodicalId":100111,"journal":{"name":"Applied Turfgrass Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2134/ATS-2014-0037-RS","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"97456177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cultivation Effects on Organic Matter Concentration and Infiltration Rates of Two Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) Putting Greens","authors":"Charles J. Schmid,&nbsp;Roch E. Gaussoin,&nbsp;Robert C. Shearman,&nbsp;Martha Mamo,&nbsp;Charles S. Wortmann","doi":"10.2134/ATS-2014-0032-RS","DOIUrl":"10.2134/ATS-2014-0032-RS","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Soil cultivation is commonly used to manage organic matter (OM) accumulation in golf course putting greens. Our objectives were to determine: (i) if hollow-tine cultivation is more effective than solid-tine cultivation at managing OM and water infiltration, (ii) if venting methods are effective at managing OM and water infiltration, and (iii) if venting alters or interacts with effects of early- or late-season cultivation. The study was a 3 × 5 factorial repeated on two ‘Providence’ creeping bentgrass (<i>Agrostis stolonifera</i> L.) research putting greens. Tine treatments were hollow-tine, solid-tine, or no-tine cultivation. Venting treatments were Hydroject, PlanetAir, quad needle tine, bayonet tine, or no venting. Soil samples were collected and analyzed for OM content using loss on ignition. Water infiltration rates were determined in situ. After 2 years, there were few consistent differences found among the tine and venting treatments, and there were no significant interactions regarding OM concentration. This response was attributed to the small amount of surface area impacted by cultivation and to the equalization of topdressing quantity across all treatment combinations. Hollow-tine and solid-tine cultivation increased infiltration compared with no cultivation. In general, Hydroject treatments increased water infiltration rates more than all other venting treatments regardless of tine treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":100111,"journal":{"name":"Applied Turfgrass Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2134/ATS-2014-0032-RS","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"102422842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amicarbazone Application Timing Influences Overseeded Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) Safety and Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua L.) Control","authors":"Ramon G. Leon,&nbsp;Lambert B. McCarty,&nbsp;Alan G. Estes","doi":"10.2134/ATS-2014-0042-RS","DOIUrl":"10.2134/ATS-2014-0042-RS","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Amicarbazone controls annual bluegrass (<i>Poa annua</i> L.) in bermudagrass [<i>Cynodon dactylon</i> (L.) Pers.] turf overseeded with perennial ryegrass (<i>Lolium perenne</i> L.). There is, however, a risk of perennial ryegrass injury, depending on application timing. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of the timings between overseeding and amicarbazone applications on perennial ryegrass. Amicarbazone was applied at 0, 2.1, and 2.8 oz a.i./acre at 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks after overseeding (WAOS) in Florida and South Carolina. In Florida, perennial ryegrass maximum injury was greater at 6 WAOS (79%) than at 8 to 12 WAOS (6 to 30%). Conversely, in South Carolina, minor perennial ryegrass injury was observed in plots treated 6 to 10 WAOS, but 48% injury was observed in plots treated 12 WAOS. In all sites, plots treated at 6 WAOS exhibited up to fourfold reduction in perennial ryegrass cover compared with the untreated control (88%). Overall, annual bluegrass control was acceptable to excellent (73–99%) with amicarbazone applications in South Carolina. In Florida 24 weeks after initial treatment, all treatments controlled annual bluegrass 64 to 98% except applications at 6 WAOS (25–42%). Results suggest that amicarbazone should be applied at least 8 to 10 WAOS to minimize loss of perennial ryegrass cover, but applications at this time will provide adequate annual bluegrass control.</p>","PeriodicalId":100111,"journal":{"name":"Applied Turfgrass Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2134/ATS-2014-0042-RS","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"104047500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Turfgrass Winterkill Observations from the Upper Great Plains: Desiccation and Cold Temperature","authors":"William C. Kreuser","doi":"10.2134/ATS-2014-0053-BR","DOIUrl":"10.2134/ATS-2014-0053-BR","url":null,"abstract":"T HE winter of 2013–2014 was atypically harsh for many plants across the Great Plains region of the United States. Above average winds, large temperature swings, and minimal precipitation resulted in desiccation injury on many plants including many turfgrass stands. Lack of snow cover resulted in severe winterkill. Damage occurred throughout much of the state of Nebraska and southern South Dakota. Cool-season grasses such as creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) and roughstalk bluegrass (Poa trivialis L.) were severely impacted despite being considered two of the most cold tolerant turfgrass species (Beard, 1973). Turf on golf course tees, fairways, and putting greens was especially susceptible to injury. Precipitation from 1 Dec. 2013 to 31 Mar. 2014 was below the 30-year average for most of central and eastern Nebraska, southern South Dakota, and western Iowa. here were only six precipitation events greater than 0.05 inches and one occasion with more than 0.25 inches of precipitation at the Lincoln Airport in Lincoln, NE (Fig. 1). Total precipitation at that location was 1.21 inches compared to average precipitation of 2.50 inches during that same period. Wind speeds were also above average during that time period with 14 days of peak wind gusts greater than 40 miles per hour (MPH) and 7 days with peak wind gusts exceeding 50 MPH (Fig. 1). Air temperatures luctuated greatly during that winter. It was common for daily maximum air temperatures to be near 50 and 60°F before air temperatures declined sharply within 24 to 48 h (Fig. 1). January 2014 was particularly severe with less than 0.20 inches of precipitation, generally clear skies, strong winds, and air temperatures ranging from -8 to 66°F in Lincoln, NE. he excessively dry conditions caused large cracks to form in ine textured soils. Cracks were visible in some USGA sand-based putting greens, likely caused by contraction of the surrounding soil. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) are known to be intolerant of cold temperatures and were killed during the winter of 2013–2014. Winterkill of perennial ryegrass and annual bluegrass was Published in Applied Turfgrass Science DOI 10.2134/ATS-2014-0053-BR © 2014 American Society of Agronomy and Crop Science Society of America 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison, WI 53711","PeriodicalId":100111,"journal":{"name":"Applied Turfgrass Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2134/ATS-2014-0053-BR","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"107173558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Turfgrass Winterkill Observations from the Great Lakes Region","authors":"Kevin W. Frank","doi":"10.2134/ATS-2014-0057-BR","DOIUrl":"10.2134/ATS-2014-0057-BR","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100111,"journal":{"name":"Applied Turfgrass Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2134/ATS-2014-0057-BR","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"102307281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oviposition Preference of the Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Golf Putting Greens under Different Soil Moisture and Fungicide Regimes","authors":"Glen R. Obear,&nbsp;R. Chris Williamson,&nbsp;P. J. Liesch","doi":"10.2134/ATS-2014-0034-RS","DOIUrl":"10.2134/ATS-2014-0034-RS","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Larvae of the Japanese beetle, <i>Popillia japonica</i> Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), are rarely found in golf course putting greens despite seemingly ideal characteristics. Sand-based putting green root zones are often maintained at relatively low volumetric water contents that could be unsuitable for survival of <i>P. japonica</i> eggs or larvae. Putting greens also receive frequent applications of fungicides throughout the growing season, and it is possible that these chemicals deter females from laying eggs. This study was conducted to determine how the volumetric water content of sand putting green soils and the application of the fungicide active ingredients propiconazole and chlorothalonil affect the oviposition (i.e., egg laying) behavior of the Japanese beetle. In a soil moisture choice assay, adult females avoided investigating (i.e., digging) in soils maintained just above the wilting point of the turfgrass (∼5% volumetric water content). In another experiment, neither the application of propiconazole nor chlorothalonil had any effect on female investigation. Recovery of larvae was low in both assays, possibly due to the coarse texture of the sandy soils used in these studies. These findings suggest that conservative irrigation could lessen infestations of <i>P. japonica,</i> and that single applications of propiconazole or chlorothalonil do not affect female oviposition choice.</p>","PeriodicalId":100111,"journal":{"name":"Applied Turfgrass Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2134/ATS-2014-0034-RS","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"105830694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Turfgrass Winterkill Observations from the Transition Zone","authors":"Michael D. Richardson,&nbsp;James T. Brosnan,&nbsp;Douglas E. Karcher","doi":"10.2134/ATS-2014-0049-BR","DOIUrl":"10.2134/ATS-2014-0049-BR","url":null,"abstract":"T HE winter of 2013–2014 will be remembered by many turfgrass managers in the transition zone as one of the most severe and devastating in the past two decades. Although we experienced a similar winter in 2000–2001, we have only seen mild examples of winter injury since that period. Extended low temperatures were common throughout the 2013–2014 winter (Fig. 1) and the region experienced several prolonged periods where single digit low temperatures occurred for three or four consecutive days. Although there was variable precipitation throughout the region (Fig. 1), it was not an excessively dry winter, which suggests that most of the injury observed in the region was likely the result of direct low temperature kill rather than desiccation-related problems. he winter injury observed in the transition zone extended from golf courses to athletic ields and home lawns and included damage to bermudagrass (Cyndon spp.), St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum), and even zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.). In the research plots at Fayetteville, AR, the principal story regarding survival against low temperature remains improved genetics. he new National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP) bermudagrass and zoysiagrass trials were planted in Fayetteville in early July 2013 and many cultivars and experimental varieties experienced moderate to signiicant winter injury (Fig. 2). Equally, there were many cultivars that survived the winter without problems. A full reporting of the data from those trials will be available through NTEP in the early part of 2015, but some of the commerciallyavailable bermudagrass cultivars that had the greatest winter survival included Northshore SLT, Latitude 36, Astro, Riviera, and Patriot. In the zoysiagrass trial, cultivars with good survival included Zeon, Empire, Meyer, and Cavalier. As has been documented in the past, warm-season grasses are most susceptible to winter injury in the irst year of planting (Richardson et al., 2004), so some of the injury observed in the research trials may have been partially due to the late plantings in 2013. Published in Applied Turfgrass Science DOI 10.2134/ATS-2014-0049-BR © 2014 American Society of Agronomy and Crop Science Society of America 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison, WI 53711","PeriodicalId":100111,"journal":{"name":"Applied Turfgrass Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2134/ATS-2014-0049-BR","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"108048660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Speedzone has Potential for Postemergence Goosegrass Control in Perennial Ryegrass and Creeping Bentgrass","authors":"L. J. Leibhart,&nbsp;M. D. Sousek,&nbsp;G. Custis,&nbsp;Z. J. Reicher","doi":"10.2134/ATS-2014-0025-BR","DOIUrl":"10.2134/ATS-2014-0025-BR","url":null,"abstract":"Goosegrass (Eleusine indica [L.] Gaertn.) is a C4 summer annual distributed throughout the transition zone and can be problematic in sports fields and lawns, but more often is problematic in golf course greens and tees where preemergence (PRE) herbicides are rarely used because of frequent reseeding in-season. The postemergence (POST) herbicides monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA), fenoxaprop-ethyl, or sulfentrazone are commonly used to control goosegrass on golf courses. However, MSMA has recently lost most of its labeled uses (EPA, 2013), while fenoxaprop-ethyl is restricted from use at mowing heights less than 0.25 inch (Anonymous, 2005) and sulfentrazone is restricted from use on golf course greens or tees (Anonymous, 2012). In July 2011, control of goosegrass was reported when Speedzone was applied to golf course tees to control summer annual broadleaves in Omaha, NE (J. Calentine, personal communication, 2011). This was further reported anecdotally at multiple sites in Nebraska later that summer. Therefore, we began our studies in 2012 with the objectives of confirming if Speedzone has potential for goosegrass control and if so, what application rates and intervals are most effective while still safe on cool-season turfgrasses. The experiment was conducted in 2012 and 2013 at the John Seaton Anderson Turf Research Facility near Mead, NE. In October of 2011, sand-based thinly cut sod of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) from a tee on a local goosegrass-infested golf course was moved to the experimental site, distributed evenly and tilled into the top inch of soil. Soil type on the experimental area was Tomek silty clay loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Typic Argiudoll) with pH 6.9 and 2.7% organic matter. A perennial ryegrass blend was seeded at 3 lbs/1000 sq ft in April 2012 to establish a thin turf cover. Following establishment, the area was irrigated to prevent water stress, mowed at 0.625 inch, and not fertilized to minimize turf competition with goosegrass. Before goosegrass germination and initiating treatments, glyphosate was applied Published in Applied Turfgrass Science DOI 10.2134/ATS-2014-0025-BR © 2014 American Society of Agronomy and Crop Science Society of America 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison, WI 53711","PeriodicalId":100111,"journal":{"name":"Applied Turfgrass Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2134/ATS-2014-0025-BR","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"93232441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organic Matter Concentration of Creeping Bentgrass Putting Greens in the Continental U.S. and Resident Management Impact","authors":"Charles J. Schmid,&nbsp;Roch E. Gaussoin,&nbsp;Sarah A. Gaussoin","doi":"10.2134/ATS-2014-0031-BR","DOIUrl":"10.2134/ATS-2014-0031-BR","url":null,"abstract":"Soil organic matter (SOM) accumulation in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.; CB) putting greens has been a concern for decades. Gaussoin et al. (2013) summarized the negative effects associated with excessive SOM (thatch-mat), including decreased water infiltration, localized dry spots, reduced high and low temperature tolerances, increased pest problems, and reduced pesticide effectiveness. The objective of this study was to survey SOM concentrations in CB greens throughout the continental U.S. to determine management practices, and/or their interactions, that significantly affect green OM content. Regression techniques were used to determine the significance of various management practices and site-specific characteristics on green OM content. Three hundred and eight putting greens on 104 golf courses in 15 states (AR-4, CA-3, CO-4, CO-8, IL-6, IA-6, MN-4, MT-9, NE-13, NJ-3, NM-6, SD-22, WA-5, WI-3, WY-8) were surveyed for management practices and SOM concentration from June 2006 thru June 2008. All golf greens surveyed were CB with varied levels of annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.). Three 0.75-inch diameter samples were collected per putting green to determine SOM concentration (three putting greens per golf course). Verdure was removed from the sample and discarded. Samples were cut to 3.0 inches below the verdure and the excess soil discarded. Samples were analyzed for SOM concentration (gravimetric concentration) using the loss-on-ignition method (Nelson and Sommers, 1996) at 750°F ± 5°F for 12 h. Survey data included: green age, annual precipitation, latitude, longitude, altitude, mean annual relative humidity, topdressing rate, material and frequency, course category (private vs. public), green construction method, CB cultivar, annual bluegrass (%, visual), mowing height, cultivation type and frequency, verticutting frequency, total nitrogen applied (yr -1 ), and plant growth regulator use. Golf courses that did not return surveys were eliminated from the regression analysis. Data analysis was performed using SAS version 9.2 (SAS Institute, 2008). Models were fitted by first examining bivariate","PeriodicalId":100111,"journal":{"name":"Applied Turfgrass Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2134/ATS-2014-0031-BR","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"107200370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}