Animal - Open Space最新文献

{"title":"Early posthatch body temperature, haematology and growth performance in Transylvanian naked neck chicks hatched from eggs stored for different durations","authors":"M.O. Abioja ,&nbsp;H.T. Ojoawo ,&nbsp;O.F. Akinjute ,&nbsp;D.M. Philip ,&nbsp;S. Omotilewa","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2022.100015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anopes.2022.100015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Early posthatch physiological responses and growth performances were assessed in 80 chicks hatched from Transylvanian naked neck (<strong>TN</strong>) chicken eggs stored in a cold room for 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12d before incubation with four replicates per group. The rectal temperature (<strong>RT</strong>) of birds hatched from 0 and 3d stored eggs were significantly (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.01) lower than in the 9–12d storage groups. There was (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001) an increase in skin temperature on the breast (<strong>STB</strong>) as the length of storage increased. Day-old chicks and 28d-old chickens from non-stored eggs had higher (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) packed cell volume (<strong>PCV</strong>) and haemoglobin (<strong>Hb</strong>) concentration than eggs stored for 12d. Chickens in 0, 3 and 6d storage groups had (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.01) higher platelet count values than in the 12d group. During d1-28, chicks from 0 to 6d egg storage had (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001) higher weight gain and final live weight than 9–12d storage. Feed consumption was (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.01) lower in 3d than in 6–12d. Chicks from 0 to 6d storage recorded a lower (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001) feed conversion ratio than in 9–12d storage. In conclusion, prolonged storage of TN eggs resulted in higher RT and STB, lower PCV and Hb, and lower growth performance during early posthatch age.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772694022000127/pdfft?md5=94024519fff1e89b0661241295427f50&pid=1-s2.0-S2772694022000127-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78412348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimisation of a bead-beating procedure for simultaneous extraction of bacterial and fungal DNA from pig faeces and liquid feed for 16S and ITS2 rDNA amplicon sequencing","authors":"J.T. Cullen ,&nbsp;P.G. Lawlor ,&nbsp;P. Cormican ,&nbsp;F. Crispie ,&nbsp;G.E. Gardiner","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2022.100012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anopes.2022.100012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Efficient cell lysis is critical for the extraction of DNA from difficult-to-lyse microorganisms such as Gram-positive bacteria and filamentous fungi. A bead-beating <strong>(BB)</strong> step is usually included in DNA extraction protocols to improve cell lysis. However, there is no consensus on the duration of BB that is necessary for complete lysis of the microbial communities present in complex microbial ecosystems, but which will still maintain the integrity of DNA released from easy-to-lyse microbes. Another consideration is that most protocols are tailored to one particular target group of microbes, typically either bacteria or fungi, in a given sample matrix. In this study, we investigated the impact of five BB durations (0, 3, 10, 15 and 20 min) during DNA extraction with the QIAamp® Fast DNA Stool Mini Kit, on the bacterial and fungal communities of single pig faecal and liquid feed samples, extracted in triplicate, with the objective of determining a suitable ‘catch-all’ method. Both sample types were subjected to the BB durations in triplicate, followed by 16S (bacterial) and ITS2 (fungal) rDNA amplicon sequencing. The performance of the different BB durations was assessed based on the quantity of total DNA extracted, alpha- and beta-diversity analyses of the resultant microbial communities and differential abundance of bacterial and fungal taxa. Our results suggest that 20 min of BB is most appropriate for maximising the lysis of difficult-to-lyse bacteria and fungi in both pig faeces and liquid feed, while minimising the negative impact on easier-to-lyse microbes. Total DNA yield increased with BB duration for both sample types; however, the yield from faeces decreased after 20 min of BB. Despite this, DESeq2 analysis indicated that changes in the differential abundances of the dominant taxa at this point were limited, which was supported by the Shannon diversity results. Maximising the BB duration appeared to be necessary in order to obtain a representative profile of the Gram-positive bacteria, particularly in liquid feed, and of the filamentous fungi present in both sample types. However, considering the small sample size, along with the reliance on differential as opposed to absolute abundances to validate increases or decreases in taxa, a larger-scale study is necessary to verify the findings of the present study.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772694022000097/pdfft?md5=b055ba53fb2c6e905b26597a2e154cb2&pid=1-s2.0-S2772694022000097-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90972178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Passive absorption across gastrointestinal tissues in vitro and postharvest distribution of loline alkaloid in lambs","authors":"K.A. Froehlich,&nbsp;A.W. Greer","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2022.100018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anopes.2022.100018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Loline alkaloid has suggested antimicrobial and anthelmintic properties with very low mammalian toxicity. There are several known derivatives of loline; N-formyl loline (<strong>NFL</strong>), N-acetyl loline (<strong>NAL</strong>), N-acetyl norloline (<strong>NANL</strong>), N-methyl loline (<strong>NML</strong>), and loline base. However, these must reach the abomasum or intestine and then be absorbed to have any potential effect. Therefore, passive absorption in isolated gastrointestinal tissues and distribution in the tissue of lambs were determined. Experiment 1: Lamb (n = 6) isolated gastrointestinal tissues were removed and mounted in an Ussing chamber. Approximately, 1 034 µg/g of loline and 22.1 µg/mL of caffeine were added to the donor chamber to measure loline flux at 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 hours. Experiment 2: Two, 12-week-old lambs were dosed with 52.5 mg/kg BW loline twice and were slaughtered to determine the distribution in gastrointestinal, organs, and blood. Passive absorption was 5% in ileum, &lt;2% in ruminal or abomasal tissues. Loline base and NFL were passively absorbed across all tissues, with NAL and NANL only crossing small intestine tissues. Surprisingly, no caffeine crossed any tissues. Loline base and small amounts of NFL were in blood plasma, and loline base was also found in liver and kidneys. Results indicate either the majority of loline is not passively absorbed or membrane integrity was affected as suggested by lack of caffeine absorption.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772694022000152/pdfft?md5=e88e2113395d5764df9cd749e0663331&pid=1-s2.0-S2772694022000152-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83746666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compensating for the increase in the sum of eigenvalues and monitoring the bending performance for conditioning covariance matrices in multi-trait livestock evaluations","authors":"M.A. Nilforooshan","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2022.100005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anopes.2022.100005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bending is a method for transforming symmetric non-positive-definite matrices to positive-definite (<strong>PD</strong>) to guarantee the invertibility of the matrix. Most of the bending approaches are based on eigendecomposition and eigenvalue modification of the matrix. Genetic and residual covariance matrices among traits used in multivariate analyses are among those matrices. Due to computational limitations, variance components for many traits are often estimated for multiple subsets of traits. Collating smaller matrices into a larger matrix may result in a non-PD matrix. Although the estimated covariance matrix from a single variance component estimation procedure is PD, the variance component estimation procedure requires a starting PD matrix. Aiming to modify the existing bending methods to improve bending performance, several tests were performed on a sample non-PD covariance matrix. Replacing negative eigenvalues with small positive values in decreasing order did not improve the bending performance (average absolute deviation between the upper triangle elements of the original matrix and the bent matrix) compared to replacing eigenvalues smaller than a small positive value with that small positive value (<em>ε</em> = 1e−4). Bending increases the sum of eigenvalues. Keeping the sum of eigenvalues constant (equal to the trace of the original matrix) did not improve the bending performance. Bending performance deteriorated when large eigenvalues were reduced to keep the sum of eigenvalues constant. In another attempt, besides increasing eigenvalues smaller than <em>ε</em> to <em>ε</em>, the smallest eigenvalue greater than <em>ε</em> was reduced. Reducing that eigenvalue to a certain level improved the bending performance. Therefore, a controlled reduction of the smallest eigenvalue greater than ε while simultaneously monitoring the improvement in bending performance is recommended.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772694022000024/pdfft?md5=b02266b56a32d24aaaf775904142dcf9&pid=1-s2.0-S2772694022000024-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80903604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of moderate forced physical activity on behaviour, lameness and osteochondrosis in growing pigs from two divergent lines selected for feed efficiency","authors":"A. Boudon ,&nbsp;M. Karhapää ,&nbsp;H. Siljander-Rasi ,&nbsp;E. Cantaloube ,&nbsp;L. Brossard ,&nbsp;N. Le Floc'h ,&nbsp;M.C. Meunier-Salaün","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2022.100010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anopes.2022.100010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In pig farming, physical constraints and genetic selection for high production are risk factors for the development of leg disorders, such as degraded locomotor activity. Interactions between both factors need to be explored. The study was carried out on two replicates of 80 pure-bred Large White growing-finishing pigs from the 8th generation of two divergent lines selected for low and high residual feed intake (<strong>LRFI</strong>, <strong>HRFI</strong>). Each replicate included 40 LRFI pigs and 40 HRFI pigs, housed on partly slatted flooring in a room equipped with a sorter allowing access to electronic self-feeders during two replicates. Ear tags determined the side of the room to which the pigs were oriented after the sorter exit and the distance back to the sorter (short: spontaneous activity, long: forced activity (<strong>FA</strong>)). Lameness was assessed individually weekly using visual gait scoring. At slaughter (weight of 100 kg), <em>postmortem</em> quantification of osteochondrosis (<strong>OC</strong>) lesions was performed on both the proximal and distal extremities of the humerus and femur. Low RFI pigs showed a lower feed conversion ratio (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). They also showed lower individual numbers of sorter crossings per day and a lower proportion of standing pigs, which confirmed their lower physical activity. Forced activity clearly increased the number of sorter crossings/d/pig (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), and the magnitude of the effect of FA was clearly lower in LRFI pigs than in HRFI pigs. The occurrence of gait was low (less than 9% of recorded scores). The proportion of scores classified as stiffness was higher for LRFI pigs than in HRFI pigs (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.0001). The average lameness score was also higher for LRFI pigs and lower with FA (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). The pigs of the LRFI line showed higher OC scores on both the proximal humerus and femur (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001) and lower OC scores on the distal humerus with surface evaluation (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). The carcasses of LRFI pigs were heavier with a higher lean meat percentage (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). Most OC scores were unaffected by FA. Only the OC scores of the distal femur (slice method) were higher with increased activity in LRFI pigs, whereas they were lower in HRFI pigs (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Seric biomarkers of cartilage synthesis and degradation were higher for pigs from the LRFI line, but no correlation could be observed between individual OC scores and cartilage biomarker contents.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772694022000073/pdfft?md5=aa2db87018221de06d918c763e656236&pid=1-s2.0-S2772694022000073-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88695746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A model to analyse the postprandial nutrient concentration in the plasma of pigs","authors":"J. van Milgen ,&nbsp;F.A. Eugenio ,&nbsp;N. Le Floc'h","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2022.100007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anopes.2022.100007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Changes in the postprandial nutrient concentration in the plasma are the result of the combined effects of intake, digestion, absorption, and metabolism. The concentration typically follows an asymmetrical bell-shaped curve as a function of the time after the meal. Although differences between dietary treatments can be analysed using a pairwise comparison of the observed nutrient concentrations, this provides little insight in the possible underlying biological mechanisms. These mechanisms may be represented in a model that can be used in a regression analysis to summarise the observed data in a limited number of parameters. The objective of this study was to propose equations that can be used in the statistical analysis of postprandial nutrient concentrations. The equations were derived from the compartmental representation of the Erlang function in which the last of a series of compartments was assumed to represent the nutrient concentration in the plasma. The preceding compartments were used to represent the postprandial response provoked by ingestion of the meal. A homeostatic control mechanism was included based on a target nutrient concentration that the animal seeks to maintain. This target concentration may differ between the fasting state and after ingestion of a meal. The models were developed as differential equations, which were integrated analytically providing equations that can be used for data analysis. The fit of the equations was tested using the postprandial histidine concentration of a pig that received a diet that was either balanced or unbalanced in the amino acid supply. The unbalanced diet was also deficient in histidine. The observed data could be summarised in three or four parameters that describe the target histidine concentration after an overnight fast, the possible change in the target concentration due to ingestion of a meal, the area under curve of the postprandial response (i.e., the “metabolic exposure”), and a rate constant describing the dynamics of the response. The biological interpretation of these and derived parameters is discussed, including the potential pitfalls of interpreting nutrient concentrations as nutrient flows. In conclusion, the models developed here are based on biological concepts and allow to summarise time series of nutrient concentrations in a limited number of parameters. The concepts can be modified depending on how the biological mechanisms involved are perceived and on the type of available data.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772694022000048/pdfft?md5=dfa94dd1524fcd7da04955a471a30791&pid=1-s2.0-S2772694022000048-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77009642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}