Aerotecnica Missili & Spazio最新文献

Invisible to Pilots but Essential for Control: Observability Gaps as Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities in Transport-Category Aircraft with Digital Flight-Control and Protection Functions 飞行员看不见，但对控制至关重要：具有数字飞行控制和保护功能的运输类飞机的网络安全漏洞的可观察性差距

Aerotecnica Missili & Spazio Pub Date : 2026-09-28 DOI: 10.1007/s42496-026-00332-5

Taku Tanaka, Keiko Tanaka, Shingo Konishi, Akemi Takahashi

{"title":"Invisible to Pilots but Essential for Control: Observability Gaps as Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities in Transport-Category Aircraft with Digital Flight-Control and Protection Functions","authors":"Taku Tanaka, Keiko Tanaka, Shingo Konishi, Akemi Takahashi","doi":"10.1007/s42496-026-00332-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42496-026-00332-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Transport-category aircraft with digital flight-control and protection functions can contain a gap between the control-relevant internal state of the airborne system and the state that a flight crew can reconstruct from cockpit indications and operating procedures. We formalize this gap as the Observability Gap (OG): a bounded, document-constrained index of the closed-loop pilot-aircraft system, distinct from cognitive accounts of crew error. The metric separates directly displayed components, procedurally inferable components, and structurally opaque components for which no procedural mapping exists. This structural-versus-procedural distinction is the paper’s principal contribution. We apply the realized form of the metric to two retrospective case-pairs — Lion Air 610/043 and Qantas 72/71 — using public investigation records and documented procedures. In the Lion Air pair, both flights retained the same structural opacity, no in-force procedure provided an unambiguous entry condition for the hidden control-law state, and recovery depended on individual diagnosis. In the Qantas pair, an intervening bulletin mapped a visible cockpit message to isolation of the corrupted data source, converting two opaque components into procedurally recoverable ones. The integrated gap ratio was modest for Lion Air (1.02x) and much larger for Qantas (28.94x), with the Qantas result robust under sensitivity checks. A design-level negative control on the same type yields a structural gap of zero, consistent with the structural component responding to opacity rather than to abnormal-event complexity. We interpret the structural component as a potential cybersecurity attack surface and identify human-in-the-loop simulation as the next confirmatory step.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100054,"journal":{"name":"Aerotecnica Missili & Spazio","volume":"105 6","pages":"1133 - 1157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149099221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Identification of Aircraft Aerodynamic Parameters from Flight Data Based on Equation Error Method 基于方程误差法的飞机气动参数识别

Aerotecnica Missili & Spazio Pub Date : 2026-09-22 DOI: 10.1007/s42496-026-00333-4

Erdogan Kaygan, Merve Kartal, Gürkan Çetin, Şenol Sergen, Ozan Mahir Alpagut

{"title":"Identification of Aircraft Aerodynamic Parameters from Flight Data Based on Equation Error Method","authors":"Erdogan Kaygan, Merve Kartal, Gürkan Çetin, Şenol Sergen, Ozan Mahir Alpagut","doi":"10.1007/s42496-026-00333-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42496-026-00333-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents the identification of aircraft aerodynamic parameters from flight-test data using the Equation Error Method (EEM). Accurate estimation of aerodynamic stability derivatives is essential for flight dynamics modeling, stability analysis, performance prediction, and flight control systems. The proposed methodology utilizes the aircraft equations of motion, where aerodynamic forces and moments are represented as linear functions of unknown aerodynamic derivatives. Flight-test measurements, including airspeed, attitude angles, angular rates, accelerations, angle of attack, and sideslip angle, are used to construct regression models from which the aerodynamic parameters are estimated through a least-squares solution. The methodology is applied to a fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle using experimental flight data collected during representative operational maneuvers. Multiple flight segments obtained under similar operating conditions are analyzed to evaluate the consistency of the identification process. The resulting aerodynamic derivatives are used to characterize the aircraft’s longitudinal and lateral-directional stability behavior and are further compared with independently obtained Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) predictions for validation purposes. The identified aerodynamic parameters exhibit physically consistent behavior and demonstrate good agreement with the available CFD results, confirming the capability of the proposed approach to capture the dominant aerodynamic characteristics of the aircraft. The study further demonstrates that reliable aerodynamic models can be obtained directly from operational flight-test data without extensive wind-tunnel testing or complex optimization procedures. The presented framework provides a practical and computationally efficient tool for aerodynamic parameter identification and supports future applications in flight dynamics analysis, aerodynamic modeling, and unmanned aerial vehicle development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100054,"journal":{"name":"Aerotecnica Missili & Spazio","volume":"105 6","pages":"1159 - 1175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149099066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

CubeSat Constellation Simulation for Providing Internet of Things Services: A New Approach to Communication Coverage in Iran 提供物联网服务的立方体卫星星座模拟：伊朗通信覆盖的新途径

Aerotecnica Missili & Spazio Pub Date : 2026-09-08 DOI: 10.1007/s42496-026-00331-6

Mehran Pishahang

{"title":"CubeSat Constellation Simulation for Providing Internet of Things Services: A New Approach to Communication Coverage in Iran","authors":"Mehran Pishahang","doi":"10.1007/s42496-026-00331-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42496-026-00331-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the increasing demand for communication coverage have made low-cost CubeSat constellations a promising solution for regional satellite communications. This study presents the design and simulation of a CubeSat constellation to provide IoT services over Iran. The proposed system aims to achieve continuous regional coverage for communication and tracking applications in the transportation and industrial sectors. Thirteen constellation configurations with different orbital altitudes, inclination angles, and satellite distributions were designed and evaluated using AGI Systems Tool Kit (STK). The simulation results show that Model No. 2, consisting of 30 satellites distributed in 10 orbital planes at an altitude of 750 km and an inclination of 40°, provides the most efficient solution by achieving continuous regional coverage while minimizing revisit time, constellation size, and the number of inter-satellite links. A three-year perturbation analysis, considering the Earth’s gravity field, solar radiation pressure, the Van Allen belts, and the Earth’s magnetic field, indicates that these effects do not significantly alter the constellation’s orbital characteristics. The electrical power, attitude control, and IoT payload subsystems were designed using commercially available components. The proposed CubeSat has a maximum instantaneous power consumption of 35.86 W under peak operating conditions, which represents the peak electrical load considered in the electrical power subsystem design. The results demonstrate that the proposed CubeSat constellation provides a practical and cost-effective solution for regional IoT services.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100054,"journal":{"name":"Aerotecnica Missili & Spazio","volume":"105 6","pages":"1117 - 1131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149098824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Intelligent and Adaptive PID-Based Control Strategies for Autonomous UAV Systems: A Systematic Review and Comparative Analysis 基于pid的自主无人机系统智能自适应控制策略：系统综述与比较分析

Aerotecnica Missili & Spazio Pub Date : 2026-08-18 DOI: 10.1007/s42496-026-00330-7

Rohit Kumar, Amit Kumar Thakur

{"title":"Intelligent and Adaptive PID-Based Control Strategies for Autonomous UAV Systems: A Systematic Review and Comparative Analysis","authors":"Rohit Kumar, Amit Kumar Thakur","doi":"10.1007/s42496-026-00330-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42496-026-00330-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The extensive use of UAVs for surveillance, logistics, agricultural, inspection, and disaster relief activities has made it necessary to design a more adaptable flight control system that can function effectively under a nonlinear and uncertain environment. Of all the types of controllers available, PID controllers continue to be extensively used owing to their ease of implementation and low cost. Unfortunately, the performance of traditional fixed gain PID controllers is significantly affected by changing parameters and disturbances. The current study involves an in-depth analysis of PID controlled unmanned aerial vehicles using PRISMA methodology. The pool of research papers included in the final analysis amounted to 94 publications sorted between 2020 and 2026. All these papers were grouped according to the nature of PID controllers used into classical, adaptive, robust, intelligent, and hybrid PID. The current research provides a comprehensive comparative overview of these papers on the basis of their ability to provide stability, tracking, disturbance rejection, robustness, and settling time. Adaptive and intelligent controllers are regarded as promising controllers that improve UAV performances due to their learning ability. Robust and hybrid PID-based controllers demonstrate the best performance in terms of disturbance rejection, stability, and robustness to uncertainty. Nevertheless, computational complexity, implementation features, scalability, and benchmarking criteria require further improvements. The possible directions of research include light control intelligence, reinforcement learning-based adaptation, explainable AI-driven control, and efficient real-time UAVs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100054,"journal":{"name":"Aerotecnica Missili & Spazio","volume":"105 6","pages":"1085 - 1115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149099002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

ZBLAN Optical Fiber Manufacturing in Microgravity Versus on Earth 微重力下与地球上ZBLAN光纤制造

Aerotecnica Missili & Spazio Pub Date : 2026-08-17 DOI: 10.1007/s42496-026-00329-0

Oluwatosin Kolade, Victor Adeleke, Sophia Akande, Emmanuel Ajenifuja

{"title":"ZBLAN Optical Fiber Manufacturing in Microgravity Versus on Earth","authors":"Oluwatosin Kolade, Victor Adeleke, Sophia Akande, Emmanuel Ajenifuja","doi":"10.1007/s42496-026-00329-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42496-026-00329-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>ZBLAN (ZrF4–BaF2–LaF3–AlF3–NaF) is a heavy metal fluoride glass with a theoretical minimum optical attenuation of approximately 0.001–0.01 dB/km near 2.5 <span>(upmu )</span>m two to three orders of magnitude below the intrinsic limit of silica optical fiber. Despite five decades of concentrated research, terrestrial manufacturing has never approached these theoretical limits, owing primarily to microcrystallite formation driven by buoyancy-induced convection, compositional sedimentation and shear-thinning-mediated viscosity reduction during the fiber drawing process. Microgravity environments suppress these gravity-dependent phenomena. Experiments spanning NASA KC-135 parabolic flights (1994), sounding rockets and multiple International Space Station (ISS) campaigns (2017–2024) have consistently demonstrated reduced crystallisation in undercooled ZBLAN melts processed under reduced gravity. The most significant milestone to date was achieved by Flawless Photonics, which produced 11.9 km of ZBLAN fiber aboard the ISS in a single month in early 2024 surpassing all previous records by two orders of magnitude. In parallel, terrestrial approaches including rapid electrothermal processing achieving 4000 K/min cooling rates and magnetic-field crystallisation suppression represent credible alternatives. This paper provides a review of the fundamental physics of ZBLAN glass, the mechanisms by which gravity drives manufacturing defects, the experimental history and current state of microgravity fiber production, a comparative quality analysis, the commercial landscape and the open challenges that will determine whether ZBLAN fiber manufacturing in space becomes a sustainable industry.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100054,"journal":{"name":"Aerotecnica Missili & Spazio","volume":"105 6","pages":"1065 - 1083"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149099126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Electric Energy Carriers in More Electric Aircraft: Suitability Assessment, Potential Use Case Definition, System Sizing and Fuel Penalty Estimation 电动飞机中的电能载体：适用性评估、潜在用例定义、系统规模和燃油损失评估

Aerotecnica Missili & Spazio Pub Date : 2026-08-12 DOI: 10.1007/s42496-026-00327-2

Maurice L. Doernte, Florian Franke, Stefan Kazula

{"title":"Electric Energy Carriers in More Electric Aircraft: Suitability Assessment, Potential Use Case Definition, System Sizing and Fuel Penalty Estimation","authors":"Maurice L. Doernte, Florian Franke, Stefan Kazula","doi":"10.1007/s42496-026-00327-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42496-026-00327-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The transition toward electrified aviation is driven by the need to reduce the environmental impact of air transport. This study evaluates the suitability of electrical energy storage systems (EESSs), including batteries, flywheels, and supercapacitors, for powering aircraft subsystems in more electric aircraft (MEA). A multi-criteria assessment considering performance, integration, safety, and sustainability identifies supercapacitors as the most suitable option for short-duration applications, batteries for long-duration applications, and both technologies as similarly suitable for medium-duration operations. Flywheels are found to have limited applicability due to safety concerns and integration challenges. A system sizing for representative use cases indicates that fuel-saving potential is highly dependent on the specific energy of the EESS. For a 1500 km mission, a battery system with a specific energy of 0.5 kWh/kg could reduce subsystem fuel consumption by approximately 30% relative to conventional operation, with the reduction increasing to around 70% at 1.0 kWh/kg. Overall, the findings highlight the significant potential of EESSs for next-generation aircraft, provided that continued advancements in energy density and system integration can be achieved.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100054,"journal":{"name":"Aerotecnica Missili & Spazio","volume":"105 6","pages":"1033 - 1049"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42496-026-00327-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149099108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

S-Band Antenna Angles Data Calibration Using Spacecraft Tracking 基于航天器跟踪的s波段天线角度数据校准

Aerotecnica Missili & Spazio Pub Date : 2026-07-16 DOI: 10.1007/s42496-026-00328-1

Vineet K. Srivastava, P. D. Mishra

{"title":"S-Band Antenna Angles Data Calibration Using Spacecraft Tracking","authors":"Vineet K. Srivastava, P. D. Mishra","doi":"10.1007/s42496-026-00328-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42496-026-00328-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ground station’s antenna angles (azimuth and elevation angles) is a crucial input for the precise tracking of satellite and launch vehicle during the launch. Antenna’s angle data calibration is an important activity where Telemetry Tracking & Commanding (TTC) stations antenna error coefficients are estimated and used for precise targeting of the space objects. The calibrated coefficients are also used for the initial orbit determination using range and angles data immediately after the launch to enhance the orbit determination accuracy. In this paper, we describe the angles data calibration computational process which is carried out periodically for ISRO Telemetry Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) S-band ground station antenna. The in-house developed satellite precise orbit propagator (SPOP) is incorporated for the precise ephemeris generation in the angles data calibration process to compute the predicted antenna angles corresponding to the measured one tracked through the auto mode tracking. The developed angles data calibration package estimates the antenna error coefficients and azimuth and elevation mean errors using the linear least squares in the batch processing mode. The error coefficients are estimated making use of Indian Remote Sensing-Low Earth Orbiting (IRS-LEO) satellite auto tracking and its operational orbit determination. Systematic errors of each ground station antenna are estimated by conducting tracking campaigns designed to collect data spread evenly in the azimuth-elevation domain.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100054,"journal":{"name":"Aerotecnica Missili & Spazio","volume":"105 6","pages":"1051 - 1063"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149098842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The NewSpace Blueprint: Innovation, Intellectual Property, and the Rise of Cosmic Investment 新空间蓝图：创新、知识产权和宇宙投资的兴起

Aerotecnica Missili & Spazio Pub Date : 2026-07-08 DOI: 10.1007/s42496-026-00326-3

Matteo Bartolini

{"title":"The NewSpace Blueprint: Innovation, Intellectual Property, and the Rise of Cosmic Investment","authors":"Matteo Bartolini","doi":"10.1007/s42496-026-00326-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42496-026-00326-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper examines the relationship between patent activity and venture capital investment within the rapidly evolving NewSpace sector. As private firms increasingly lead innovation in commercial space exploration, questions arise about whether patents remain a reliable proxy for innovation and a relevant signal to investors. Using a dataset that combines aggregated U.S. patent information with firm-level funding data, we analyze the technological distribution of space-related patents (specifically CPC subclass B64G) and investigate whether a correlation exists between patent intensity and venture capital funding. Our findings indicate a growing internationalization of space innovation and highlight dominant technological domains such as launch systems and propulsion. However, the correlation between patent activity and funding levels is weak, with several prominent NewSpace companies receiving substantial investment despite having little or no patenting activity. These results suggest that investors may rely on alternative indicators of innovation—such as technical complexity, team expertise, or government partnerships—rather than patents alone. The study contributes to a nuanced understanding of how intellectual property fits into broader innovation and investment dynamics in the commercial space economy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100054,"journal":{"name":"Aerotecnica Missili & Spazio","volume":"105 6","pages":"1019 - 1032"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149098494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hot-Wire Velocity Measurements in Subsonic Nozzle Flows: An Experimental Test Campaign 亚音速喷嘴流动中的热线速度测量：一项实验测试活动

Aerotecnica Missili & Spazio Pub Date : 2026-07-08 DOI: 10.1007/s42496-026-00325-4

Roberto Camussi, Elisa De Paola, Alessandro Talamelli, Lorenzo Lazzarini, Salvatore Palazzo, Fabrizio De Gregorio, Karl-Stéphane Rossignol

引用次数: 0

Low-velocity Impact in Composite Plates Using the Hashin 3D Criterion and 2D Layer-Wise Theories 基于Hashin三维准则和二维分层理论的复合材料板低速碰撞

Aerotecnica Missili & Spazio Pub Date : 2026-07-03 DOI: 10.1007/s42496-026-00320-9

M. Petrolo, M. Filippi, E. Carrera, C. Franceschini, E. Tortorelli

引用次数: 0