{"title":"Invertierungsversuche am system ZnSbCdSb","authors":"E. Justi, E. Lang, G. Schneider","doi":"10.1016/0365-1789(64)90033-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0365-1789(64)90033-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>ZnSb has some importance as a thermoelectric material for the generation of electrical power in the intermediate temperature range. Undoped ZnSb exhibits the <em>p</em>-type as does CdSb. But whereas CdSb may be inverted easily by elements of the third group of the periodic table, <em>n</em>-type ZnSb has not yet been isolated. The present authors have investigated the <em>p</em> → <em>n</em>-inversion in ZnSbCdSb alloys covering the whole concentration range. In pure ZnSb only a decrease of the hole concentration is possible. In mixed crystals of ZnSb and CdSb the inversion succeeded in CdSb rich compositions. In the medium concentration range, e.g. 50 ZnSb . 50 CdSb, the initial <em>p</em> → <em>n</em> inversion was followed by a reverse <em>n</em> ← <em>p</em> inversion in the solid phase at room temperature. The authors have studied the influence of annealing, doping element, concentration of doping element, temperature and temperature gradient along the specimen on the time of reversion from <em>n</em>- to <em>p</em>-type. In ZnSb rich alloys only a decrease of the hole concentration was obtained.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100032,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Energy Conversion","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 15-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1964-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0365-1789(64)90033-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89723141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Contents and author index to volume 4 1964","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/0365-1789(64)90036-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0365-1789(64)90036-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100032,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Energy Conversion","volume":"4 ","pages":"Pages iii-iv"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1964-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0365-1789(64)90036-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137350866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Gamma-ray ionisation in the plasma diode","authors":"D. Butler","doi":"10.1016/0365-1789(64)90035-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0365-1789(64)90035-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>It is shown that the ionization produced in the interelectrode space of a gas-filled diode by the radiation present in a nuclear reactor is insufficient to produce a useful degree of space-charge neutralization. Consideration is given both to direct gamma-ray ionization of gas atoms, and to ionization by fast electrons released from the diode walls by Compton scattering with gamma-rays. The latter process produces the larger effect.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100032,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Energy Conversion","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 39-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1964-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0365-1789(64)90035-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84935033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Gas-diffusionselektroden beim betrieb mit gasgemischen","authors":"Wilhelm Baucke, August Winsel","doi":"10.1016/0365-1789(63)90002-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0365-1789(63)90002-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper deals with gas diffusion electrodes fed with inert ingredients containing reaction gases. In the first part the transport phenomena are calculated, which take place within the gas-filled region of a single pore, where the reaction gas is transported by diffusion and convection to the zone of the three phase boundary.</p><p>In the second part the composition of the gas within an operating gas diffusion electrode is discussed. The optimal shape of such an electrode is calculated by a variation problem.</p><p>In the third part experiments with “Janus”-shaped DSK-electrodes are described. The relationship between the four quantities (current <em>I</em>, polarization η, reaction gas content <em>x</em><sub>1</sub>, stream of the waste gas <span><math><mtext>dot</mtext><mtext>M</mtext><mtext>2</mtext></math></span>), which mark the state of the electrode, are given in the diagrams. They give a complete picture of the behaviour of gas diffusion electrodes fed with inert ingredients containing gases.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100032,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Energy Conversion","volume":"3 4","pages":"Pages 613-645"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1963-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0365-1789(63)90002-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72947345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Theory of the infinite stage Nernst-Ettingshausen refrigerator","authors":"T.C. Harman","doi":"10.1016/0365-1789(63)90005-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0365-1789(63)90005-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>It is shown that an infinite stage Nernst-Ettingshausen refrigerator can be constructed by proper shaping of the material. Expressions for the coefficient of performance, maximum temperature difference and the shaping function <em>z</em>(<em>x</em>) are given in general and for the special case where the product of the Nernst figure of merit <em>Z</em> and temperature <em>T</em> is independent of <em>T</em>. Some theoretical results of interest are depicted in graphical form. Preliminary experiments have verified the usefulness of the theory. Cooling from ice water to dry ice temperatures has been achieved with a Nernst-Ettingshausen refrigerator using pure bismuth for the material.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100032,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Energy Conversion","volume":"3 4","pages":"Pages 667-676"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1963-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0365-1789(63)90005-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86322635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Perturbation of the electrical discharge in a uniform, thermionic plasma due to a viscous boundary layer","authors":"W. Dällenbach","doi":"10.1016/0365-1789(63)90003-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0365-1789(63)90003-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The influence of the viscous boundary layer on the electrical discharge in the channel of an MHD generator is investigated. It is found that the additive voltage necessary to maintain the electrical current density owing to the boundary layer is small under typical conditions encountered in MHD generators. It is concluded that the influence of the viscous layer is small compared with that of the ohmic resistivity of the non-viscous part of the plasma flow.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100032,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Energy Conversion","volume":"3 4","pages":"Pages 647-656"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1963-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0365-1789(63)90003-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79667356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimum design and efficiency of plated thermocouples","authors":"F.S. Stein","doi":"10.1016/0365-1789(63)90004-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0365-1789(63)90004-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Thermocouples may be made by plating alternate portions of a continuous core wire or, alternatively, by stripping alternate portions of a composite metal. In such couples the Seebeck e.m.f. is not equal to the open-circuit voltage, because of circulating currents occurring within the composite portions; and conventional figure-of-merit considerations are inapplicable. An efficiency calculation is carried out, on the basis of which the optimum geometry and maximum efficiency of plated thermocouples are inferred. For metals obeying the Wiedemann-Franz relation, it is shown that the resistance of the plating must be about 30 per cent of the resistance of the core wire, for optimum performance. It is further shown that the maximum efficiency of plated couples is only 36 per cent that of the corresponding conventional couple. This decrease of efficiency is offset by the increased reliability which can be attained when multi-element thermopiles are required.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100032,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Energy Conversion","volume":"3 4","pages":"Pages 657-666"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1963-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0365-1789(63)90004-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75888426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Magnetoplasmadynamic electrical power generation with nonequilibrium ionization","authors":"Mostafa E. Talaat","doi":"10.1016/0365-1789(63)90001-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0365-1789(63)90001-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An ionized gas is said to be in the non-equilibrium state when the approximately Maxwellian electrons are maintained at a higher temperature than the Maxwellian ions and neutrals. When such a state exists, as for example, in a seeded noble gas, the ions could be primarily generated by ionizing collisions of the hot plasma electrons with the seed atoms and the bulk gas temperature could be maintained at a value compatible with a nuclear reactor heat source.</p><p>In this paper formulas are presented for the calculation of the electron density, <em>η</em><sub><em>e</em></sub>, the electrical conductivity, σ, and the corresponding internal electric field, <em>ε</em><sub><em>e</em></sub> (all as functions of the electron temperature, <em>E</em><sub><em>e</em></sub>) in a seeded partially-ionized noble gas in the non-equilibrium state. The electron or ion density, <em>n</em><sub><em>e</em></sub>, is derived from an ion balance equation which equates the rate of generation of ions (primarily by the hot electrons) to the rate of loss of ions by recombination. The electric field, <em>ε</em><sub><em>e</em></sub>, is derived from an energy balance equation which equates the rate of energy lost by the electrons in elastic and inelastic collisions with the gas species to the rate of energy fed to the electrons through the electric field.</p><p>For the case of the motion-magnetically induced electric field formulas are presented for the calculation of the magnetic field, <em>B</em>, required to induce the electric field, <em>E</em><sub><em>e</em></sub>, which, in turn, is required to maintain the ionized gas in the non-equilibrium state for a given gas velocity, <em>u</em>, and a given ratio of load voltage to open circuit voltage, <em>e</em><sub><em>L</em></sub>. These formulas are given both for the case of segmented electrodes Faraday and the case of segmented electrode Hall generators.</p><p>In an example of calculations the equations presented have been applied to show how to calculate the electron density, <em>n</em><sub><em>e</em></sub> (see Fig. 1), the electrical conductivity, σ, and the corresponding electric field, <em>ε</em><sub><em>e</em></sub> (see Figs. 2 and 3) as well as the electrical conductivity, σ, the corresponding electric field, <em>E</em><sub><em>e</em></sub>, and electron temperature, <em>E</em><sub><em>e</em></sub>, versus the magnetic field required, for a typical gas velocity, <em>u</em> (or Mach number), to induce these quantities (see Fig. 4).</p><p>Since these calculations are based on values of electron densities which are computed using the ion balance equation rather than those which would be obtained from using the electron temperature, <em>E</em><sub><em>e</em></sub>, in Saha's equation for thermal ionization it is of interest to compare the two resulting plots of the electron densities versus the electron temperature, <em>E</em><sub><em>e</em></sub> (see Fig. 1). It is seen that the curve using the electron densit","PeriodicalId":100032,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Energy Conversion","volume":"3 4","pages":"Pages 595-611"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1963-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0365-1789(63)90001-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78579000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Galvano-thermomagnetic effects in multi-band models","authors":"J.M. Honig, T.C. Harman","doi":"10.1016/0365-1789(63)90051-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0365-1789(63)90051-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>General expressions are derived for various galvano-thermomagnetic transport coefficients of a solid in which carriers in <em>r</em>(≥ 2) partially occupied bands participate in the transport processes. The quantities so derived are the isothermal conductivity, Hall coefficient, Seebeck coefficient, transverse Nernst coefficient, thermal conductivity, and Righi-Leduc coefficient. For <em>r</em> = 2, they properly reduce to results previously obtained in the literature. Certain features of the theories are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100032,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Energy Conversion","volume":"3 3","pages":"Pages 529-536"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1963-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0365-1789(63)90051-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75658300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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