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{"title":"The transient 1D dimensionless conduction heat rate approach applied to 3D TPMS structures","authors":"Silven Stallard ,&nbsp;Theodore L. Bergman ,&nbsp;Xianglin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transient conduction within various three-dimensional, triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) solid structures (Diamond, Primitive, Gyroid, I-WP) of porosities 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 is predicted numerically. Computational predictions associated with either constant surface temperature or constant surface heat flux boundary conditions are reported in terms of (i) the familiar dimensionless energy transfer, <em>Q</em>/<em>Q_o</em>, and (ii) the dimensionless conduction heat rate, <em>q</em>*, with dependence on the Fourier number, <em>Fo</em>. The predicted <em>q</em>* and <em>Q/Q_o</em> responses for all twelve 3D TPMS structures considered here are in remarkably good agreement with the <em>q</em>* and <em>Q/Q_o</em> histories determined by both (i) the exact solutions for <em>q*</em> and <em>Q/Q_o</em> for the 1D plane wall and (ii) previously reported approximate solutions for <em>q</em>* and <em>Q/Q_o</em> for the 1D plane wall. The demonstrated successful application of the simple and compact expressions for <em>q</em>*(<em>Fo</em>) developed for the 1D plane wall to a broad range of complex 3D TPMS structures might be attributed to the zero mean curvature aspects of the TPMS solids.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"248 ","pages":"Article 127208"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143923560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flow and heat transfer characteristics of droplet-shaped pin-fin channel under rotational conditions","authors":"Haiwang Li ,&nbsp;Xiangshang Qi ,&nbsp;Xuejiao Zhang ,&nbsp;Ruquan You ,&nbsp;Li Wan ,&nbsp;Zhihua Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127220","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127220","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pin-fin structure is widely used for internal cooling in engines. Studying the performance of different pin-fin structures is meaningful. This investigation conducts experimental research on a straight droplet-shaped pin-fin channel. Furthermore, numerical methods are adopted to assist in the analysis of experimental phenomena. The influence of different dimensionless parameters on distribution and variation of the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and the thermal performance factor (TPF) within the channel under rotating conditions are the core objective of this study. The dimensionless parameters in this investigation is <em>Re =</em> 10,000–70,000, <em>Ro</em> = 0–1.0, <em>r/D</em> <em>=</em> 25.67–52.33, <em>TR =</em> 0.04–0.22, and <em>Buo</em> = 0–2.55.</div><div>According to this investigation, rotation weakens heat transfer on the leading surface (LS) while increasing it on the trailing surface (TS) by 10 %-20 %. Rotation can enhance the TPF of the channel under low-<em>Re</em> condition, and causes a decrease of 0–10 % in the TPF of the LS under high-<em>Re</em> condition. The effect of rotation on the TPF of the TS is minor within the channel at <em>X/D</em> ≤ 4, whereas rotation can increase the TPF of the TS by 0–10 % at larger <em>X/D</em> condition. The effect of <em>r/D</em> on heat transfer also be discussed. When <em>Re</em> = 5000, rotational radius ratio of 52.33 leads to a 8.6 % increase in the average <em>Nu</em> compared to the rotational radius ratio of 25.67. Similarly, when <em>Re</em> = 15,000, there is a 1.5 % enhancement observed. The droplet-shaped pin-fin are less affected by <em>TR</em> variations compared to circular pin-fin, and higher <em>TR</em> decreases the TPF of the channel. The study finally explored the impact of Buo on experimental accuracy and found that when <em>Re</em> and <em>Buo</em> are identical, there is an obvious difference in <em>Nu</em>, with a minimum variation of 34.6 %, during variations in <em>Ro, r/D</em>, and <em>TR</em>. To obtain accurate HTC, it is essential to maintain similar ranges for the dimensionless parameters including <em>Re, Ro, r/D, TR, D</em>. These findings enhance the overall comprehension of HTC and TPF within the internal cooling channel, providing valuable insights for optimization endeavors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"248 ","pages":"Article 127220"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143924070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does the homicide resource curse exist? Evidence in selected countries","authors":"Armand Totouom","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107057","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107057","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite the increasing exploration of the relationship between natural resources and civil wars/interstate conflicts, less is known about their effects on everyday interpersonal violence during peacetime. This study assesses the effect of natural resources on intentional homicides in selected countries. It demonstrates that intentional homicides increase with natural resource dependence, with a greater effect on male homicides compared to female homicides. Men are therefore disproportionately affected by resource-induced homicide. Moreover, the traditional worse effect of point resources compared to diffuse resources is also highlighted by the results. They show that rents from coal, minerals, oil and natural gas have a strong positive effect on homicide rates, while the effect of forest rents is less precise and not significant. Finally, the study establishes that institutions shape the effect of natural resources on homicides. Homicide rates only increase in resource-rent-dependent countries with high levels of corruption and low levels of political stability, democracy and respect for the rule of law. The diversification of the economies to reduce over-dependence on resource rents in countries heavily endowed with point resources and the strengthening of institutional quality are mainly recommended.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48463,"journal":{"name":"World Development","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 107057"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143924858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pristine and cross-linked gelatin aerogels of pH-responsive hydration and swelling","authors":"Attila Forgács ,&nbsp;Madalina Ranga ,&nbsp;Andreea Ranga ,&nbsp;László István Orosz ,&nbsp;Geo Paul ,&nbsp;Leonardo Marchese ,&nbsp;Dániel Pércsi ,&nbsp;Adél Len ,&nbsp;Zoltán Dudás ,&nbsp;Gergő Vecsei ,&nbsp;Attila Csík ,&nbsp;István Fábián ,&nbsp;József Kalmár","doi":"10.1016/j.apsadv.2025.100765","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apsadv.2025.100765","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Protein aerogels, derived from natural sources such as plants and animals, are sustainable and biocompatible advanced materials with significant potential for applications in the environmental, food, and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, food-grade gelatin was used to produce highly porous aerogels. Gelatin was employed either in its native form or chemically cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (GTA). Hydrogels were synthesized through a simple sol-gel process, transferred to methanol, and then dried using supercritical CO₂ to obtain mesoporous aerogels. The chemical structure of the aerogels was characterized using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy methods. Their nanoscale morphologies were explored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N₂-sorption porosimetry, and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). The macroscopic water uptake and swelling of the gelatin aerogels were investigated at different pH values, while the corresponding nanoscale hydration and wetting mechanisms were explored using NMR relaxometry. Lastly, the drug loratadine was impregnated into the pure gelatin aerogel to assess its potential for drug delivery applications. The rate and mechanism of in vitro drug release exhibit a strong correlation with the pH-dependent swelling and dissolution of the aerogel. These findings suggest that pure gelatin aerogels are promising candidates for pH-sensitive oral drug delivery systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34303,"journal":{"name":"Applied Surface Science Advances","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100765"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143922088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perspectives of resilience in mega-event studies in the context of urban development: A systematic literature review","authors":"Longmiao Gao ,&nbsp;Yan Liu ,&nbsp;Fiona X. Yang ,&nbsp;Huimin Liu ,&nbsp;Ying Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.cities.2025.106058","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cities.2025.106058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mega-events have been considered as a particular form of mega-development projects that can influence the resilience of urban systems and the environment. Although building resilience has become a priority for event management following the creation of event legacy and sustainability, the current application of resilience in mega-event research remains unclear in terms of definitions, issues, and an overarching overview. This paper adopts a systematic literature review, first examining various types, descriptions, and definitions of resilience related to mega-events, such as urban resilience and regional resilience. Difficulties in applying resilience concepts in current mega-event research are highlighted, considering definitional, descriptive, situational, and objective ambiguities. Furthermore, relevant research in the past two decades has gradually revealed the uncertainties and vulnerabilities in mega-events and their development processes in different scenarios. Therefore, this paper summarizes five key themes related to resilience and mega-events: a) urban regeneration and environmental management, b) infrastructure and transport development, c) regional economy and tourism development, d) local community adaptation, and e) safety and security commitment. Given the challenges and risks arising from the intersection of event management and urban development, this paper advocates an overview framework to guide the application of resilience perspectives in mega-event research, providing a theoretical and literature foundation for further exploration of resilience issues in future mega-event research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48405,"journal":{"name":"Cities","volume":"163 ","pages":"Article 106058"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143921586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating park visitation in Canadian national parks using volunteered geographic information (VGI)","authors":"Matthew Ketchin,&nbsp;Jed A. Long","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100888","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100888","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding human ecological impact in natural areas is important for ensuring overall environmental and human health. Managing the human ecological impact in protected areas like national parks can be laboursome and expensive with traditional visitation monitoring methods due to their size and complexity of use. Volunteered geographic information from digital platforms can provide researchers and park managers with unique insights into visitation that would otherwise be difficult or impossible to obtain. In this study, we test whether data collected from the photo-sharing and storage platform Flickr, the outdoor recreation tracking platform AllTrails, and the exercise tracking platform Strava, can be used to estimate official visitation data in Canadian national parks through simple and multiple linear regression. Our hypothesis is that these data sources can be used to estimate visitation patterns of outdoor recreation in Canadian national parks. We identified that all three sources of volunteered geographic data are significantly correlated with official visitation data obtained from Parks Canada. Our models were strengthened when the data sources were used together in a multiple regression rather than individually in bivariate models. This study demonstrates this relationship for the first time with the Strava Global Heatmap and AllTrails proxy data and creates a basis for using volunteered geographic information from different platforms to estimate visitation and patterns of outdoor recreation in Canadian national parks. Further, the ubiquitous spatial nature of these datasets suggests they may be used as a reliable proxy in other areas where official visitor counts are unavailable.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100888"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143921793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LoGAN: A novel local attentive generative adversarial resizable network for detailed 3D reconstruction of the Martian surface using monocular HiRISE images and DTMs","authors":"Jiarui Cao ,&nbsp;Rong Huang ,&nbsp;Yusheng Xu ,&nbsp;Zhen Ye ,&nbsp;Jia Qian ,&nbsp;Ludwig Hoegner ,&nbsp;Xiaohua Tong","doi":"10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2025.04.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2025.04.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-resolution Mars digital terrain models (DTMs) are crucial for exploration missions and scientific research. However, traditional photogrammetry is constrained by stereo image coverage and configuration, while laser altimetry suffers from sparse laser footprint distribution, leading to limited terrain accuracy. While the recent photoclinometric and deep learning methods can generate promising 3D reconstruction results, they still face challenges such as complex parameterization. To address these drawbacks, we present a novel attentive generative adversarial resizable network for Martian terrain reconstruction, which can generate 3D terrain models with rich details from high-resolution monocular images. In this proposed method, a novel local attention module is embedded to investigate geometric dependencies further, preserving spatial correlations in local contexts. A new combination of loss functions is adopted to guide the generation process, simultaneously suppressing artifacts and recovering details. A multi-scale alternate training strategy is also introduced, which performs well in preserving details at various scales. Experimental results in areas of Hephaestus Fossae, Oxia Palus, and Victoria Crater demonstrate that our presented approach can generate large-scale DTMs with a spatial resolution of pixel level (0.25 m/pixel), showing more details of textures and equivalent elevation accuracy. The reconstruction accuracy is similar to the most accurate photoclinometric results but without the need for complex modeling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50269,"journal":{"name":"ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","volume":"225 ","pages":"Pages 302-327"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143922783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing mechanical properties and isotropy in ultrasonic assisted powder bed fusion of metals using a laser beam (PBF-LB/M) via Dual Exposure","authors":"Sebastian Platt ,&nbsp;Jan Wegner ,&nbsp;Arno Elspaß ,&nbsp;Hanna Schönrath ,&nbsp;Stefan Kleszczynski","doi":"10.1016/j.jajp.2025.100307","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jajp.2025.100307","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Parts produced via powder bed fusion of metal using a laser beam process often exhibit mechanical anisotropy due to the directional solidification, complicating part design. This study explores the use of ultrasonic-assistance to reduce anisotropy by promoting microstructural homogenization through increased nucleation. Specimens were fabricated using a dual exposure strategy, to avoid the challenges that arise with the in-situ ultrasonic excitation of a powder bed. Furthermore, a comprehensive microstructural as well as mechanical analysis was carried out. Microstructural analysis revealed increased grain orientation variation in ultrasonically treated specimens. Mechanical testing showed improved tensile and yield strength and reduced anisotropy, with tensile and yield strength anisotropy decreasing by 55.4 % and 46.1 %, respectively. Despite increased surface roughness, ultrasonic treatment reduced anisotropy in ductility-related properties, highlighting its potential to improve the performance of additively manufactured parts by reducing anisotropy and simultaneously enhancing mechanical properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34313,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Joining Processes","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100307"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143921669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Femtosecond laser-induced surface structuring of porous nickel substituting anodic catalyst layers for alkaline oxygen evolution reaction","authors":"Haujin Salih ,&nbsp;Maximilian Cieluch ,&nbsp;Philipp L. Maack ,&nbsp;Norbert Kazamer ,&nbsp;Florian Wirkert ,&nbsp;Ulrich Rost ,&nbsp;Cemal Esen ,&nbsp;Michael Brodmann","doi":"10.1016/j.apsadv.2025.100756","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apsadv.2025.100756","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Femtosecond laser-induced nano structuring offers a novel approach to enhance the performance of porous transport layers (PTLs) in anion-exchange membrane water electrolysis. By applying ultrashort laser pulses to nickel felts, distinct surface morphologies were generated, including high-spatial-frequency laser-induced periodic surface structures (HSFL-LIPSS), irregular ablated surfaces, and hybrid structures. Surface area analysis revealed increases of up to 4-fold for LIPSS, 6-fold for hybrid structures (LIPSS+Ablation), and 9-fold for ablated surfaces compared to untreated fibers. Electrochemical testing showed reduced overpotentials for laser-treated samples, comparable to state-of-the-art electrodes despite the absence of catalyst layers. Overpotentials could be reduced by up to 6.5 % at 10 mA cm⁻² and by up to 9.6 % at 100 mA cm⁻² compared to the unprocessed felt. Notably, ablated structures, with the highest surface areas, exhibited microcavities that may entrap oxygen bubbles, limiting active site and reaction rates. The LIPSS structures demonstrated the lowest activation losses and highest current density (1.32 A cm⁻² at 2.0 V) due to their periodic morphology and enhanced electrolyte flow, representing a 17 % improvement at 2.0 V compared to the untreated felts. Moreover, Tafel slopes down to 66 mV dec⁻¹ denote a performant kinetic while oxidation charge measurements revealed pronounced peaks for laser-treated samples, with ablated surfaces achieving the highest charge of 16.76 ± 1.64 C cm⁻². Chronopotentiometry revealed the LIPSS structures showing the highest resistance to degradation among the structured samples.</div><div>These findings suggest femtosecond laser nano structuring as a promising method to improve PTL performance. Further application of catalyst layers could amplify the electrochemical efficiency of these advanced materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34303,"journal":{"name":"Applied Surface Science Advances","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100756"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143922087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the standard-essentiality of 5G technology patents by means of generative artificial intelligence","authors":"Andre Herzberg","doi":"10.1016/j.wpi.2025.102363","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wpi.2025.102363","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In telecommunication technology, identifying standard-essential patents (SEPs) plays a crucial role in the management of intellectual property. This technology is regulated by technical standards that are largely based on the content of SEPs. These patents are declared standard-essential by their owners because they contain elements of a technical standard. The declaration process leaves room for over- and under-declaration, which entails risks for organizations. This paper focuses on the question of how generative artificial intelligence can be used to assess the standard-essentiality of 5G technology patents. For this purpose, the standard-essentiality is assessed using different prompts with four Large Language Models (LLMs) in two variants. In the first variant, the LLM results are generated by a rather simple prompt and compared with an approach based on unsupervised and supervised machine learning. The result shows that large LLMs are capable of assessing the standard-essentiality. In the second variant, the best-performing LLM is selected and the prompt is expanded to include selected parts of a technical standard. While the assessment results remain largely the same, the LLM is now able to explain in which detail a patent is part of a standard. This has several implications for patent evaluation, licensing and litigation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51794,"journal":{"name":"World Patent Information","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 102363"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143922957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}