Cellular immunology最新文献

{"title":"Characterization of lysate from NK-92 cells and its potential use as an immunotherapeutic modality","authors":"Himani Chinnapen ,&nbsp;Laurent Boissel ,&nbsp;Courtney Fleenor ,&nbsp;Thomas Bickett ,&nbsp;Zhimin Guo ,&nbsp;Vidya Godbole ,&nbsp;Manju Saxena ,&nbsp;Patrick Soon-Shiong ,&nbsp;Hans Klingemann","doi":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2025.104951","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2025.104951","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lysates from human cells represent biofluids that are used in the biotechnology field for a number of reasons such as biomarker identification and antibody detection. Lysate from human blood platelets is widely used in the clinical setting to control bleeding. We hypothesized that the lysate from the cytotoxic natural killer cell line NK-92® should contain perforin and proteolytic enzymes in addition to immunomodulatory cytokines, all of which have biological relevance and could be used for local treatment of cancer lesions. Here lysate from <em>NK-92 (aNK™)</em> cells, and its erIL-2 engineered variant <em>haNK™</em> was obtained by repeat freeze/thawing. Immunoblot, ELISA and cytokine immunoassay analysis confirmed the presence of perforin and the full spectrum of granzymes, as well as of various chemokines and cytokines known to be expressed in NK-92 cells. Lysate from haNK cells displayed cytotoxic and anti-proliferative activity against human and canine cancer cell lines after only a 15-min exposure in vitro. Importantly, under the same conditions the lysate did not affect primary cells. Intra-tumor injection of haNK lysate into intradermal tumors of immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice provided tumor control in 40 % of treated animals. When re-challenged with the same tumor line several weeks after primary tumor clearance, no growth occurred indicating that intra-tumor administration of haNK lysate can generate a vaccine-like effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9795,"journal":{"name":"Cellular immunology","volume":"413 ","pages":"Article 104951"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MAPK14 drives Ferroptosis and immune dysfunction in pediatric Sepsis-induced acute lung injury","authors":"Ning Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Fan ,&nbsp;Juan Chen ,&nbsp;Juan Gu ,&nbsp;Xiangming Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2025.104948","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2025.104948","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI) is driven by inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune suppression. MAPK14 (p38α) plays a role in ferroptosis and immune regulation, but its specific function in pediatric sepsis remains unclear. Therefore, our study aimed to explore the role and underlying mechanism of MAPK14 in pediatric sepsis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Bioinformatics analysis of GSE26440 and FerrDb identified ferroptosis-related genes in pediatric sepsis. STRING database was used to predict the proteins associated with MAPK14. MAPK14 expression in whole blood samples, LPS-treated MLE-12 cells, and a CLP mouse model was detected by qRT-PCR and western blot. Ferroptosis was assessed by measuring MDA, GSH, and Fe²⁺ levels, while ROS accumulation was analyzed using DCFH-DA staining and DHE staining. A cycloheximide (CHX) assay was performed to assess TTP53 protein stability. MPO immunohistochemistry and PD-L1 immunofluorescence assessed neutrophil infiltration, and flow cytometry evaluated neutrophil apoptosis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Bioinformatics analysis of GSE26440 and FerrDb identified MAPK14 as a ferroptosis-related gene in pediatric sepsis. MAPK14 expression was upregulated in sepsis patient samples, LPS-treated MLE-12 cells and CLP mouse lung tissues. Overexpression of MAPK14 led to increased MDA and Fe²⁺ levels, reduced GSH, and elevated ROS fluorescence intensity, confirming its role in promoting ferroptosis. Mechanistically, MAPK14 upregulated TTP53, which in turn suppressed SLC7A11 and GPX4, further driving ferroptosis. MAPK14 overexpression stabilized TTP53 and enhanced its activity. Additionally, MAPK14 enhanced MPO and PD-L1 expression to promote neutrophil infiltration and immune suppression. Additionally, MAPK14 overexpression inhibited neutrophil apoptosis, promoted neutrophil infiltration and enhanced immune suppression.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>MAPK14 drives ferroptosis via the TTP53/SLC7A11/GPX4 pathway and exacerbates immune suppression by promoting neutrophil infiltration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9795,"journal":{"name":"Cellular immunology","volume":"411 ","pages":"Article 104948"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143807608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new chimeric protein composed by T-cell epitopes from peroxidoxin and pyridoxal kinase proteins is protective against visceral leishmaniasis","authors":"Daniela P. Lage ,&nbsp;Danniele L. Vale ,&nbsp;Marcela G.P. Silva ,&nbsp;Vívian T. Martins ,&nbsp;Ana A.M. Gonçalves ,&nbsp;Kamila A. Silva ,&nbsp;Gabriel J.L. Moreira ,&nbsp;Rafaela D. Olegário ,&nbsp;Flávia C. Rizzatti ,&nbsp;Camila S. Freitas ,&nbsp;Breno L. Pimenta ,&nbsp;Karolina O.M. Falcão ,&nbsp;Saulo S.G. Dias ,&nbsp;João A. Oliveira-da-Silva ,&nbsp;Raquel S.B. Câmara ,&nbsp;Isabela A.G. Pereira ,&nbsp;Miguel A. Chávez-Fumagalli ,&nbsp;Bruno M. Roatt ,&nbsp;Ricardo A. Machado-de-Ávila ,&nbsp;Alexsandro S. Galdino ,&nbsp;Eduardo A.F. Coelho","doi":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2025.104949","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2025.104949","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease caused by intracellular protozoan parasites, and which present high incidence in populations in the world. The diagnosis is difficult to be performed, and treatment is toxic and/or presents high cost. In this context, prophylactic vaccination could help as an effective control measure against the disease. In this study, a new chimeric protein (LAV) was constructed with immunogenic T-cell epitopes from two immunogenic <em>Leishmania</em> proteins, and it was evaluated to protects BALB/c mice against <em>Leishmania infantum</em> infection. For this, animals were vaccinated with rLAV associated with micelles (Mic) or monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) as adjuvants; while the others received saline, rLAV, Mic or MPLA as controls. Results showed that the rLAV/Mic and rLAV/MPLA combinations induced higher cell proliferation indexes in stimulated cell cultures after infection, as well as the development of a polarized Th1-type cellular and humoral response before and after infection, which was based on the production of IFN-γ, IL-12, TNF-α, nitrite, and IgG2a isotype antibodies. In addition, both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cell subtypes were important for the IFN- secretion in both groups, as compared to the others. Control groups mice produced significantly higher levels of IL-4, IL-10 and anti-parasite IgG1 antibodies, suggesting the occurrence of a Th2-type immune profile in these unprotected animals. The parasite load was found to be significantly lower in mice vaccinated with rLAV/MPLA or rLAV/Mic, as compared to the others, by using a limiting dilution assay and qPCR. In conclusion, data suggest that rLAV plus adjuvant could be considered as a vaccine candidate in future studies to protect against VL.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9795,"journal":{"name":"Cellular immunology","volume":"411 ","pages":"Article 104949"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143791384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyperoside suppresses NSCLC progression by inducing ATG13-mediated autophagy and apoptosis","authors":"Mingming Jin ,&nbsp;Yuqing Lou ,&nbsp;Xiaoshuo Wang ,&nbsp;Jia Lv ,&nbsp;Yue Wu ,&nbsp;Gang Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2025.104947","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2025.104947","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Lung cancer is a leading cause for cancer–related mortality across the globe. In the last decade, significant advancements have been made in the research of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, new biotherapeutic drugs urgently need to be developed. This study investigated the regulating effect of hyperoside on NSCLC progression.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The colony formation assay and Cell Counting Kit-8 were used to detect cell proliferation. The Transwell assay was used to monitor cell migration. NSCLC growth in vivo was examined using a subcutaneous xenograft model. Proteomics, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence analyses were used to detect anticancer regulatory mechanisms.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results showed that hyperoside treatment inhibited cell migration, proliferation, and tumor growth in NSCLC in vivo and in vitro. Also, hyperoside treatment promoted apoptosis and cell cycle S-phase arrest. Proteomics, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence detection also showed that hyperoside treatment promoted autophagy-related protein 13 (ATG13)-mediated autophagy, which further increased NSCLC apoptosis.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>In summary, the findings illustrated that hyperoside treatment suppressed NSCLC progression by promotingATG13 expression and enhancing autophagy activation, finally promoting autophagy and apoptosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9795,"journal":{"name":"Cellular immunology","volume":"411 ","pages":"Article 104947"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143843781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunology of familial chorea-acanthocytosis with presenting generalized tonic-clonic seizure: Blood cell study for early diagnosis and management","authors":"Amineh Salem,&nbsp;Narges Omidvar","doi":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2025.104946","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2025.104946","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A male, who involved familial chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc), was introduced to provide direction for early diagnosis and management. The admitted patient was found to have the significant episode with generalized tonic-clonic seizure, gradually progressive abnormal movements, and generalized weakness. According to the peripheral blood smears, the acanthocytosis was diagnosed primarily. The neuroimaging observation revealed atrophied head of caudate nuclei and dilation of anterior horn in the lateral ventricles. For the early diagnosis and prevention of syndrome complications, neuroacanthocytosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with generalized tonic-clonic seizure, peripheral neuropathy, and behavioral disorder associated with movement complications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9795,"journal":{"name":"Cellular immunology","volume":"411 ","pages":"Article 104946"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143759088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"METTL3 promotes infantile pneumonia-induced lung injury by the m6A-TBL1XR1-ACSL1 axis","authors":"Fuxing Song,&nbsp;Fang Guo,&nbsp;Bo Su,&nbsp;Na Niu,&nbsp;Lina Sun,&nbsp;Min Yan,&nbsp;Min Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2025.104944","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2025.104944","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) is the catalytic subunit of methyltransferase complex that catalyzes mRNA methylation and has been identified to be involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung cell injury. In this study, we investigated whether METTL3 is involved in the progression of infantile pneumonia (IP)-induced lung injury and its underlying mechanism.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>WI-38 cells were exposed to LPS to induce in vitro proliferation, inflammation, apoptosis, and ferroptosis. The mRNA and protein levels of METTL3, TBL1XR1, IGF2BP1/2/3, and ACSL1 were measured by qRT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification was analyzed using a methylated RNA immunoprecipitation assay. Protein interactions were determined using a Co-IP assay. LPS-induced pneumonia in mice was used for the in vivo analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>METTL3 was highly expressed in IP and LPS-induced WI-38 cells. Knockdown of METTL3 reversed LPS-induced apoptosis, inflammation, and ferroptosis in vitro and in vivo and improved LPS-induced lung injury and collagen deposition in lung tissues of IP mice. Mechanistically, METTL3 induces TBL1XR1 m6A modifications and stabilizes its expression in an m6A-IGF2BP1-dependent manner. Functionally, the protective effects mediated by METTL3 silencing in LPS-treated WI-38 cells were reversed by TBL1XR1 overexpression. In addition, TBL1XR1 interacts with ACSL1, and METTL3 regulates ACSL1 expression via TBL1XR1. Further functional analysis showed that TBL1XR1 deficiency suppressed LPS-induced apoptosis, inflammation, and ferroptosis, which were abolished by ACSL1 up-regulation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>METTL3 stabilized TBL1XR1 expression through IGF2BP1-m6A methylation, promoting LPS-induced IP lung injury by upregulating ACSL1 expression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9795,"journal":{"name":"Cellular immunology","volume":"411 ","pages":"Article 104944"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143673312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"USP14 inhibits sensitization-mediated degradation of KDM4D to epigenetically regulate dendritic cell tolerogenic capacity and mitigates airway allergy","authors":"Aizhi Zhang ,&nbsp;Huanping Zhang ,&nbsp;Le Liu ,&nbsp;Hanqing Zhang ,&nbsp;Lihua Mo ,&nbsp;Wenkai Zhang ,&nbsp;Hanis Hazeera Harith ,&nbsp;Liying Cheng ,&nbsp;Jieping Lv ,&nbsp;Chau Ling Tham ,&nbsp;Pingchang Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2025.104943","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2025.104943","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Numerous immune disorders are caused by the dysfunction of dendritic cells (DC). The mechanism has not been fully comprehended yet. This research is designed to regulate the epigenetic status of lysine-specific demethylase 4D (KDM4D) to enhance DC's immune tolerogenic capacity. In this study, an airway allergy (AA) mouse model was established with dust mite extracts (DME) as the specific antigen. A mouse strain carrying <em>Kdm4d</em>-deficient DCs was employed in the experiments to assess the role of KDM4D in modulating DC's immune tolerogenic functions. The results showed that mice carrying <em>Kdm4d</em>-deficient DCs (KO mice) showed spontaneous Th2 polarization in the airways. Reduced quantities of KDM4D were detected in airway naive DCs (nDCs) of AA mice. The parameters of AA response had a negative correlation with the quantity of KDM4D. The immune tolerogenic capacity of airway nDCs was impaired in KO mice as well as in AA mice. The <em>Il10</em> promoter was found to be hypermethylated in airway nDCs of AA mice and KO mice. The low quantity of deubiquitinating enzyme 14 (USP14) was related to the high level of hyper ubiquitination observed in KDM4D in the <em>Il10</em> promoter locus of airway nDCs of AA mice. Exposure to recombinant USP14 increased the quantity of KDM4D in nDCs, restoring the immune tolerogenic capacity of nDCs in AA mice. In conclusion, dysfunctional tolerogenicity is caused by low levels of KDM4D in airway nDCs from AA mice. USP14 restores the tolerogenic capacity of nDCs in AA mice and mitigates experimental AA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9795,"journal":{"name":"Cellular immunology","volume":"411 ","pages":"Article 104943"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dexmedetomidine modulates peritoneal macrophage to attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation","authors":"Tao Wang ,&nbsp;Rui Pan ,&nbsp;Jianli Wen ,&nbsp;Xinglong Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2025.104942","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2025.104942","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To investigate how Dexmedetomidine (Dex) modulates the function of peritoneal macrophages (PMs) to reduce lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The anti-inflammatory effect of Dex on LPS-stimulated PMs was assessed by examining its impact on their proliferation, phagocytosis, and polarization. Proliferation and phagocytic activity were measured using CCK-8 and Neutral Red staining assays, respectively. The levels of inflammatory mediators were quantified using ELISA. Additionally, macrophage polarization was evaluated via ELISA, flow cytometry, and Western blot analysis to identify shifts in macrophage phenotypes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Dex increased the proliferation and phagocytic capabilities of PMs, thereby mitigating LPS-induced inflammation. It suppressed pro-inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), while increasing levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). Furthermore, Dex promoted M2-type macrophage polarization, characterized by increased expression of IL-10, CD206, Arg-1, and CD11c. This effect was mediated through the JAK1/STAT6 signaling pathway, promoting M2 polarization, which was attenuated when JAK1 and STAT6 expression were downregulated.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Dex reduces LPS-induced inflammation in part by enhancing the proliferation, phagocytosis, and M2 polarization of PMs, with a key role for the JAK1/STAT6 pathway in promoting anti-inflammatory responses during sepsis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9795,"journal":{"name":"Cellular immunology","volume":"411 ","pages":"Article 104942"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Divergent impact of endotoxin priming and endotoxin tolerance on macrophage responses to cancer cells","authors":"Konkonika Roy ,&nbsp;Tomasz Jędrzejewski ,&nbsp;Justyna Sobocińska ,&nbsp;Paulina Spisz ,&nbsp;Bartosz Maciejewski ,&nbsp;Nadine Hövelmeyer ,&nbsp;Benedetta Passeri ,&nbsp;Sylwia Wrotek","doi":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2025.104934","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2025.104934","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Endotoxin tolerance (ET) is an adaptive phenomenon that arises from the repeated exposure of immune cells, such as macrophages, to endotoxins like lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Initially, when macrophages are activated by LPS, they produce inflammatory mediators that drive the primary immune response. However, this response is significantly diminished during the establishment of ET, creating an immunosuppressive environment. This environment can facilitate the development and progression of malignant conditions, including cancer.</div><div>Our research focused on the interactions between immune cells and the tumor microenvironment under ET conditions. Through comprehensive <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in vitro</em> studies employing various research techniques, we have demonstrated that interactions between endotoxin-tolerant macrophages (Mo_ET) and cancer cells contribute to a pro-tumorigenic condition. Notably, we observed that Mo_ET adapt a pro-tumorigenic, immunosuppressive M2 phenotype (CD163 expression). These macrophages involves distinct metabolic pathways, not depending solely on glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Furthermore, our <em>in vivo</em> findings revealed macrophage infiltration within tumors under both ET and non-ET conditions, highlighting the suppressed immune landscape in the presence of ET. These findings suggest that ET plays a pivotal role in shaping tumor-associated immune responses and that targeting ET pathways could offer a novel and promising therapeutic approach for cancer treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9795,"journal":{"name":"Cellular immunology","volume":"411 ","pages":"Article 104934"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143561837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seeking tolerance in immunology: Looking back, looking forward","authors":"David W. Scott","doi":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2025.104935","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cellimm.2025.104935","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9795,"journal":{"name":"Cellular immunology","volume":"409 ","pages":"Article 104935"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}