Journal of chiropractic medicine最新文献

{"title":"The Efficacy of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy as a Monotherapy for Achilles Tendinopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"Magdalena Stania PhD ,&nbsp;Jitka Malá PhD ,&nbsp;Daria Chmielewska PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jcm.2023.04.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcm.2023.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The aim of this systematic review<span><span> and meta-analysis was to determine the therapeutic efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) for </span>Achilles tendinopathy.</span></p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p><span><span>We searched PubMed, EBSCOHost, Ovid, and Embase<span> for randomized controlled trials. Databases were searched from their inception until the last entry (July 16, 2022). The methodological quality of the randomized controlled trials was rated with the </span></span>Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. For continuous data, we presented the mean difference (D) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity was assessed with </span><em>I²</em> statistics. The random effects model was applied for the pooled effect estimates. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation tool.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The very-low-quality evidence suggested that ESWT was no more effective in decreasing pain than any other conservative treatment (D: –0.8; 95% CI: –3.15, 1.56; <em>P</em> &gt; .5; <em>I²</em> = 85.62%). No significant differences were found between the ESWT and control groups on the pooled Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment-Achilles scores (D: 5.74; 95% CI: –15.02, 26.51; <em>P</em> = .58; I²  = 92.28%), but the quality of evidence was very low.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>At present, the quality of the evidence is low; thus, the therapeutic efficacy of ESWT for Achilles tendinopathy is inconclusive.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":94328,"journal":{"name":"Journal of chiropractic medicine","volume":"22 4","pages":"Pages 294-301"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73653722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhibitory Effects of Prolonged Focal Muscle Vibration on Maximal Grip Strength and Muscle Activity of Wrist and Extrinsic Finger Flexor Muscles","authors":"Rikiya Shirato OT, PhD ,&nbsp;Ren Shimanuki OT ,&nbsp;Towa Shoji OT ,&nbsp;Masaki Mugikura OT","doi":"10.1016/j.jcm.2023.03.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcm.2023.03.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The objective of this study was to identify effective stimulus time by quantifying the inhibitory effects of focal muscle vibration (FMV) on maximal grip strength and muscle activities of the wrist and extrinsic finger flexors.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A randomized repeated-measures design was used in this study. A total of 22 healthy volunteers (mean age, 20.9 years) participated. An FMV of 86 Hz was applied to the anterior surface of the distal forearm under the following 3 conditions: no FMV (control), 5-minute FMV, and 10-minute FMV. Maximal grip strength was measured before and after FMV. The muscle activities of the flexor digitorum<span><span> superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus (FDP), and flexor carpi ulnaris were simultaneously recorded using </span>surface electromyography. Discomfort and complications following FMV were also assessed.</span></p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Compared with the control group, a significant decrease in muscle activity was observed in both the flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor carpi ulnaris after 5 and 10 minutes of FMV. In contrast, there was no significant decrease in the maximal grip strength or FDP muscle activity after either FMV condition. The discomfort was significantly higher immediately after both FMV conditions than in the control group, but it decreased 15 minutes after FMV, indicating no significant difference among the 3 conditions. Redness and/or swelling were observed in 13.6% and 36.3% of the participants after 5 and 10 minutes of FMV, respectively.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Five-minute FMV to the distal forearm could be a useful therapeutic method with few complications. However, the FMV in this area alone was not sufficient to suppress the muscle activity of the FDP located in the deep layer.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":94328,"journal":{"name":"Journal of chiropractic medicine","volume":"22 2","pages":"Pages 107-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10280089/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9702574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Transfer Energy Capacitive and Resistive Therapy on Shoulder Pain, Disability, and Range of Motion in Patients With Adhesive Capsulitis: A Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial","authors":"Maryam Raeisi MSc ,&nbsp;Hosein Kouhzad Mohammadi PhD ,&nbsp;Mojtaba Heshmatipour MSc ,&nbsp;Mohammad Javad Tarrahi PhD ,&nbsp;Navid Taheri PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jcm.2022.04.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcm.2022.04.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>We describe a protocol to evaluate the effectiveness of transfer energy capacitive and resistive (TECAR) therapy on shoulder passive range of motion, shoulder pain, and disability index in patients<span> with adhesive capsulitis.</span></p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p><span>This study will be a double-blinded randomized clinical trial<span> with a 1-month follow-up. For the purpose of this research, 30 patients with a 3-month history of shoulder pain and disability diagnosed as adhesive capsulitis will be selected and then randomized into 2 groups, including conventional physiotherapy consisting of electrophysical modalities and therapeutic exercises<span>, which will be given to the control group. In the intervention group, after conventional physiotherapy, 10 minutes of TECAR therapy in resistive mode will be applied on both the anterior and inferior aspects of the shoulder joint. Outcome measures will be related to shoulder passive range of abduction, flexion, and external rotation that will be measured using a digital inclinometer, as well as </span></span></span>shoulder pain and disability index that will be assessed by the validated questionnaire. Assessment will be done at baseline, 1 day after the intervention, and by passing 1 month.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The statistical analysis will describe within-group and between-group comparisons; the findings will be illustrated in tables and charts.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Given the reason that the effectiveness of TECAR therapy has not been widely evaluated in adhesive capsulitis, the findings of this pilot study would provide baseline information on the effectiveness and complications of this treatment method and possibly propose a more appropriate protocol for patients with adhesive capsulitis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":94328,"journal":{"name":"Journal of chiropractic medicine","volume":"22 2","pages":"Pages 116-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10280083/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9710263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Neurophysiological Lesion: A Scoping Review","authors":"David N. Taylor DC","doi":"10.1016/j.jcm.2022.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcm.2022.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The purpose of this study was to examine the extent of the literature on the neurophysiological lesion as referenced in functional neurology.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p><span><span>A literature search was performed within the period from 2010 to March 2021. Search terms included central sensitization, central sensitivity syndrome, nociplastic pain, cold hyperalgesia, </span>heat hyperalgesia<span>, mechanical hyperalgesia, dynamic </span></span>mechanical allodynia<span><span>, temporal summation, spatial summation, and descending inhibition. A qualitative synthesis summarized the research findings, including clinical conditions and effect of </span>spinal manipulation.</span></p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>There were 30 studies, which included 7 high-level studies (meta-analysis or systematic reviews), 22 randomized controlled studies, and 1 scoping review. The findings suggest the existence of the changes in the central integrated state of a population of neurons with various disorders, experimentally induced stimulation, and treatment. The current literature suggests plasticity of the central integrative state (CIS) with the onset of pathologies and the changes in the CIS with different conservative nonpharmacologic treatments.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This review suggests changes in the resting state of the CIS of a population of neurons that exist in the physiologic lesion may change in response to various therapies, including manipulative therapy. The findings from this review provide support of the hypothesis that nonpharmacologic conservative care may affect the neurophysiological lesion. However, studies were heterogeneous and evidence was lacking in the translation of targeting the therapies to distinct neuronal areas for clinical outcomes to treat specific disease states.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":94328,"journal":{"name":"Journal of chiropractic medicine","volume":"22 2","pages":"Pages 123-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10280090/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10087902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Verification of Reliability and Validity of Trunk Forward Tilt Angle Measurement During Gait Using 2-Dimensional Motion Analysis","authors":"Shinno Iijima PhD, RPT ,&nbsp;Makoto Shiomi MS, RPT ,&nbsp;Tsuyoshi Hara PhD, RPT","doi":"10.1016/j.jcm.2022.04.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcm.2022.04.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The purpose of this study was to verify the reliability and validity of trunk forward tilt angle measurement during gait using the 2-dimensional motion analysis, open-source software Kinovea.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The participants were 48 healthy people (23.3 ± 3.7 years of age), and the measurement task was normal gait. Two-dimensional motion analysis using Kinovea and measurement using a 3-dimensional motion analyzer were performed synchronously to calculate the forward tilt angle of the trunk during gait. The maximum and minimum values ​​of the trunk forward tilt angle in 1 gait cycle were used as representative values. The intraclass correlation coefficient and the minimum detectable change amount in Kinovea were calculated. We also verified the correlation with the measured values ​​using the 3-dimensional motion analyzer and the error by Bland-Altman analysis.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The intraclass correlation coefficient for Kinovea was 0.925 (95% confidence interval, 0.866-0.958) at the maximum and 0.918 (95% confidence interval, 0.854-0.954) at the minimum. The maximum value of the minimum detectable change amount was 2.7°, and the minimum value was 2.9°. The correlation coefficient between the methods was the maximum value <em>r</em> = 0.964 (<em>R</em>² = 0.929) and the minimum value <em>r</em> = 0.970 (<em>R</em>² = 0.941). The average difference between the methods (d) was –0.55 to –0.51° and the standard deviation of the difference between the measured values was 0.66 to 0.84°, and the minimum value was d = –0.59 to –0.54° and SDd = 0.63 to 0.91°.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The reliability and validity of the measurement by 2-dimensional motion analysis of the trunk forward tilt angle in young adults were confirmed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":94328,"journal":{"name":"Journal of chiropractic medicine","volume":"22 2","pages":"Pages 89-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10280343/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9702576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inclusion of Acupuncture as an Adjunct Therapy in the Management of a Patient With Schizophrenia and Dissociative Identity Disorder: A Case Report","authors":"Brett R. Martin DC, MSAc, MPH,&nbsp;Rachel Wroblewski DC","doi":"10.1016/j.jcm.2022.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcm.2022.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p><span>The purpose of this case report is to describe the inclusion of acupuncture in the management of a patient with schizophrenia and </span>dissociative identity disorder (DID).</p></div><div><h3>Clinical Features</h3><p>A 68-year-old man presented with schizophrenia and DID, which had been diagnosed at age 25. The patient was currently under psychiatric care and prescribed antipsychotic<span> medications and psychiatric counseling. His predominant symptoms were anxiety, paranoia, and irritability. In addition, 2 to 5 personas manifested over the years that he referred to as the “Others.” A Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale was 81 out of 126 on his first visit.</span></p></div><div><h3>Intervention and Outcome</h3><p>Traditional Chinese medicine–style acupuncture was administered. Over the year, the severity of the patient's symptoms was reduced according to the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale to 56 and was maintained between 55 and 61 for 6 months.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Acupuncture included as an adjunct therapy to antipsychotic medication and psychiatric counseling may have reduced the severity of symptoms associated with schizophrenia and DID for this patient.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":94328,"journal":{"name":"Journal of chiropractic medicine","volume":"22 2","pages":"Pages 164-171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10280087/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9702575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chiropractic Management of a 67-Year-Old Veteran With Chronic Low Back Pain Utilizing Low-Velocity Flexion-Distraction: A Case Report","authors":"Casey J. Rogers DC, MPH ,&nbsp;Charles R. Elchert DC ,&nbsp;Madeleine E. Hackney PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jcm.2023.03.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcm.2023.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The purpose of this case report was to describe the treatment of an older veteran with chronic low back pain, utilizing flexion-distraction as a primary intervention for management.</p></div><div><h3>Clinical Features</h3><p><span>A 67-year-old man with chronic low back pain for several decades presented to the chiropractic clinic for evaluation. He reported low back pain that extended into the right lower extremity intermittently. The patient's imaging demonstrated significant degenerative changes in the lumber spinal </span>anatomy. He had never experienced chiropractic interventions or management for his condition.</p></div><div><h3>Intervention and Outcome</h3><p>A trial of conservative care with flexion-distraction was applied as a primary intervention for the management of chronic low back pain. Instrument-assisted soft-tissue mobilization and moist heat were also applied for interventions. Despite having no changes in outcome assessments, the patient reported an improvement in his condition, reduced use of pain medication, and increased mobility after 4 sessions over a 4-week period.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Flexion-distraction was a beneficial chiropractic approach to the management of an older veteran with chronic low back pain and intermittent lower extremity pain for several decades.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":94328,"journal":{"name":"Journal of chiropractic medicine","volume":"22 2","pages":"Pages 157-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10280086/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9702570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Equestrian-Related Musculoskeletal Injuries Presenting to a Chiropractic Practice: A Retrospective Chart Review of 19 Patients","authors":"Tina J. Wang MD ,&nbsp;Toni Ward DC ,&nbsp;Hang T. Nguyen DC ,&nbsp;Eric L. Hurwitz DC, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jcm.2022.07.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcm.2022.07.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The purpose of this study was to describe the types of equestrian-related musculoskeletal injuries and their management.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 19 patients who presented with injuries from equestrian activities at a chiropractic practice from December 2000 to December 2020. Deidentified data were extracted from the charts and summarized.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Of the 19 patients, 42.3% presented with acute trauma, 38.5% had overuse injuries, and 19.2% had chronic injuries as a result of previous trauma. We found that 90% of overuse injuries and 18.2% of acute injuries led to chronic conditions that needed ongoing management.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>From this sample of patients, there was a high percentage of overuse and chronic injuries for patients who participated in equestrian activities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":94328,"journal":{"name":"Journal of chiropractic medicine","volume":"22 2","pages":"Pages 103-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10280082/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9710264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-Term Changes in Posture and Pain of the Neck and Lower Back of Women Undergoing Lipoabdominoplasty: A Case Series Report","authors":"Denise D. Xavier MSc ,&nbsp;Ruth M. Graf PhD ,&nbsp;Arthur S. Ferreira PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jcm.2022.07.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcm.2022.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The purpose of this study was to analyze short-term variations in posture and intensity of neck and lower back pain in women undergoing lipoabdominoplasty.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p><span>This prospective case series study involved 17 women (age 43 ± 12 years, presurgical body mass index 27.0 ± 3.7 kg/m</span>²<span><span><span>). Participants were assessed preoperatively (T0) and at 15 (T15) and 30 days (T30) after surgery for clinical data (number of pregnancies, number of deliveries, presurgical body mass), neck and lower back angles calculated by photogrammetry, and pain intensity by </span>numeric pain rating scale. </span>Postoperative complications were assessed at T15 and T30.</span></p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>After adjusting for age and presurgical body mass index, there was an increase in forward head position in T15 and a return by T30 (marginal R² = 0.411). The lower back showed an increase in flexion at T15 and return by T30 (marginal R² = 0.266). No statistical evidence of significance was observed for changes in the intensity of neck (<em>P</em> &gt; .355) or lower back (<em>P</em> &gt; .293) pain. Complications were mild and common at T15; most of them resumed at T30.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>A transient, nonlinear compensatory change in neck and lower back lordosis was observed 15 days after lipoabdominoplasty, with almost full recovery in the short term (30 days). No systematic change in pain intensity was observed within this period. Postsurgical complications were mild and common, and most of them resumed shortly after surgery.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":94328,"journal":{"name":"Journal of chiropractic medicine","volume":"22 2","pages":"Pages 138-147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10280349/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9702569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alzheimer Disease and Related Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults: A Narrative Review of Screening, Prevention, and Management for Manual Therapy Providers","authors":"Casey J. Rogers DC, MPH ,&nbsp;Jaime Ayuso Jr DC ,&nbsp;Madeleine E. Hackney PhD ,&nbsp;Charles Penza DC, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jcm.2023.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcm.2023.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p><span>The aim of this narrative review was to review literature relevant to manual therapists about </span>cognitive impairment<span>, together with screening, potential treatment, and prevention modalities.</span></p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A literature search of AMED (Allied and Complementary Medicine Database), CINAHL (Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature), PubMed, and MEDLINE was conducted with the search terms “cognitive decline,” “cognitive impairment,” “screening,” and “prevention.” We reviewed current screening practices, including functional exams, imaging, and laboratory testing. We reviewed current potential preventive measures and treatments being implemented in practice.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>We selected 49 resources for this narrative summary. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Mini-Mental State Exam are recommended screening tools. Imaging and laboratory testing are not recommended in screening for cognitive decline. Promotion of healthy, active living through physical and mental activities may assist with prevention of cognitive decline.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Cognitive decline affects a large proportion of the US population. Recognizing signs and symptoms of this condition starts with individuals, caretakers, family members, and health care providers. Health care providers should utilize the most appropriate screening tools to assess the presence of cognitive conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":94328,"journal":{"name":"Journal of chiropractic medicine","volume":"22 2","pages":"Pages 148-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10280085/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9710262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}