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The size dependence of the melting point of small particles of tin 锡小颗粒熔点的大小依赖性
British Journal of Applied Physics Pub Date : 1967-12-01 DOI: 10.1088/0508-3443/18/12/308
C. Wronski
{"title":"The size dependence of the melting point of small particles of tin","authors":"C. Wronski","doi":"10.1088/0508-3443/18/12/308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0508-3443/18/12/308","url":null,"abstract":"The size dependence of the melting point of tin has been studied by means of transmission electron diffraction and microscopy. In accordance with the observations of other workers, it has been found that the melting point of a spherical particle of tin decreases as the radius Rm of the particle decreases. However, the decrease does not depend linearly on 1/Rm. The experimental results are explained in terms of a thermodynamic treatment which allows for the fact that a liquid cannot be subdivided indefinitely. The theory ceases to give correct results for the melting point of particles with radii less than about 50 ?, the calculated temperatures being less than those observed. For particles to which the theory is applicable it is found that the surface tension at the interface between solid and liquid tin is ?1 = 62?2 ? 10 dyn cm-1.","PeriodicalId":9350,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"1 1","pages":"1731-1737"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74846601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 324
Transient convective heat transfer from gaseous explosions 气体爆炸产生的瞬态对流传热
British Journal of Applied Physics Pub Date : 1967-12-01 DOI: 10.1088/0508-3443/18/12/315
A. Melvin
{"title":"Transient convective heat transfer from gaseous explosions","authors":"A. Melvin","doi":"10.1088/0508-3443/18/12/315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0508-3443/18/12/315","url":null,"abstract":"Temperature distributions were measured during the unsteady-state cooling of hydrogen-air explosions in a cylindrical vessel. From these measurements it was concluded that the rates of heat transfer from the explosions were controlled by the boundary conditions rather than by the relatively high rates of convection occurring in the bulk of the gas.","PeriodicalId":9350,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"27 1","pages":"1783-1786"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84764898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Enhanced charge transfer in dielectric fluids containing conducting particles 含有导电粒子的介电流体中增强的电荷转移
British Journal of Applied Physics Pub Date : 1967-12-01 DOI: 10.1088/0508-3443/18/12/318
P. Felsenthal, B. Vonnegut
{"title":"Enhanced charge transfer in dielectric fluids containing conducting particles","authors":"P. Felsenthal, B. Vonnegut","doi":"10.1088/0508-3443/18/12/318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0508-3443/18/12/318","url":null,"abstract":"The motion of conducting particles in electrically stressed dielectric fluids has been examined with the intention of explaining enhanced charge transfer between electrodes in the fluid-particle system. The motion of the particles is due to induction charging and the consequent forces exerted on the particles by an electric field. It is shown that the usual assumptions relating to the velocity of such particles are not substantiated by experiments. The dependence of the enhanced charge transfer on the applied field is derived for one particular case. For this case the study of particle motion shows that particles of different sizes move with a charge equivalent to a maximum voltage on the particle of the order of 16 v. If it is assumed that the particles initially become charged when in contact with one of the electrodes, and on leaving the electrodes are shielded so that the effective charge is reduced, it is possible to show that the current is proportional to the square of the applied voltage, which is in agreement with experimental results.","PeriodicalId":9350,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"44 1","pages":"1801-1806"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82771351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 29
The effect of a cross wind when sampling dust particles through an orifice in the base of a horizontal cylinder 当通过水平圆柱体底部的孔板取样时，横向风的影响
British Journal of Applied Physics Pub Date : 1967-12-01 DOI: 10.1088/0508-3443/18/12/316
C. Davies
{"title":"The effect of a cross wind when sampling dust particles through an orifice in the base of a horizontal cylinder","authors":"C. Davies","doi":"10.1088/0508-3443/18/12/316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0508-3443/18/12/316","url":null,"abstract":"Air containing particles is sucked into an orifice in the underside of a bulky sampling head which is idealized for analysis in two dimensions as a horizontal cylinder with a line sink. Equations are given for the motion of particles around and into the sink when a wind blows past in a horizontal direction; the fluid motion is ideal and the inertia of the particles, which are settling under gravity, is neglected. Particle trajectories are calculated when the wind velocity is of the same magnitude as the rate of fall of the particles.","PeriodicalId":9350,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"9 1","pages":"1787-1792"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83643999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Current oscillations in semiconductors 半导体中的电流振荡
British Journal of Applied Physics Pub Date : 1967-12-01 DOI: 10.1088/0508-3443/18/12/129
L. Stenflo
{"title":"Current oscillations in semiconductors","authors":"L. Stenflo","doi":"10.1088/0508-3443/18/12/129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0508-3443/18/12/129","url":null,"abstract":"It is known that current oscillations can occur in semiconductors in constant electric fields if the collision cross sections for carrier scattering are strongly energy dependent. The growth rate of these oscillations is calculated and a new criterion for their existence is developed.","PeriodicalId":9350,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"68 1","pages":"1835-1836"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73310618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Tracks of charged nuclear particles in AgCl crystals AgCl晶体中带电核粒子的轨迹
British Journal of Applied Physics Pub Date : 1967-12-01 DOI: 10.1088/0508-3443/18/12/423
K. Breuer, G. Haase, E. Schopper
{"title":"Tracks of charged nuclear particles in AgCl crystals","authors":"K. Breuer, G. Haase, E. Schopper","doi":"10.1088/0508-3443/18/12/423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0508-3443/18/12/423","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of alpha particles in AgCl crystals which lead to tracks which can be rendered visible by `decoration' techniques have been found to have in some cases a very short lifetime which is a function of the structural properties of the crystals and the doping materials used. The formation of visible tracks therefore depends on the time interval between irradiation and decoration. This property could be made use of for the triggered recording of tracks.","PeriodicalId":9350,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"5 1","pages":"1824-1825"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88729724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Complex permittivity measurements at 8.6 mm wavelength over the temperature range 1-60°C 复杂介电常数测量在8.6毫米波长在温度范围1-60°C
British Journal of Applied Physics Pub Date : 1967-12-01 DOI: 10.1088/0508-3443/18/12/319
E. Grant, R. Shack
{"title":"Complex permittivity measurements at 8.6 mm wavelength over the temperature range 1-60°C","authors":"E. Grant, R. Shack","doi":"10.1088/0508-3443/18/12/319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0508-3443/18/12/319","url":null,"abstract":"An 8·6 mm microwave bridge has been used to determine the complex permittivity of water over the temperature range 1-60°C to within a standard error of 0·25 in both ' and . These results indicate that the high-frequency dielectric constant [infinity] varies with temperature from 4·9 ± 0·3 at 1°C to 3·1 ± 0·8 at 60°C, which is a new proposal for water. As with previous investigations, it is difficult to discriminate between Debye behaviour and a small distribution of relaxation times, but the present measurements conform to the latter type of process below room temperature with increasing approximation to a single relaxation time as 60°C is approached. Values of the relaxation wavelength λs, with an error of ± 1-2%, are also given and are slightly lower than those published hitherto.","PeriodicalId":9350,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"256 1","pages":"1807-1814"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77132881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 40
Microwave resonance absorption in ruby 红宝石中的微波共振吸收
British Journal of Applied Physics Pub Date : 1967-12-01 DOI: 10.1088/0508-3443/18/12/307
D. J. Saunders, K. Standley, P. G. Wilson
{"title":"Microwave resonance absorption in ruby","authors":"D. J. Saunders, K. Standley, P. G. Wilson","doi":"10.1088/0508-3443/18/12/307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0508-3443/18/12/307","url":null,"abstract":"Ruby samples manufactured by three different techniques were used in electron paramagnetic resonance studies at 35 and 115 GHz, at room temperature and 77°k. In contrast with the spin-lattice relaxation results of Standley and Vaughan, no significant differences were observed between vapour-phase, Verneuil or fluxedmelt samples in relation to zero-field splitting of the energy levels, linewidths, intensities of Cr-Cr pair lines or impurity spectra. Data on these parameters are given. Evidence is presented of a variation in zero-field splitting of approximately 10% in one sample, leading to a greatly increased linewidth of some transitions.","PeriodicalId":9350,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"222 1","pages":"1723-1729"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73011208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Heat conduction through CO2 and N2O gases 通过CO2和N2O气体进行热传导
British Journal of Applied Physics Pub Date : 1967-12-01 DOI: 10.1088/0508-3443/18/12/313
R. Gambhir
{"title":"Heat conduction through CO2 and N2O gases","authors":"R. Gambhir","doi":"10.1088/0508-3443/18/12/313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0508-3443/18/12/313","url":null,"abstract":"Theory of Saxena, Saksena and Gambhir has been extended to include polyatomic gases having more than one relaxation time. The results have been compared with experiment for CO2 and N2O. Theories of Monchick, Pereira and Mason, Hirschfelder, and others have also been considered. In the case of CO2 all theories fit equally well with experiment while for N2O the expression given in this paper is preferable.","PeriodicalId":9350,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"202 1","pages":"1773-1775"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86835893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
The enhancement by inert gases of the field desorption of oxygen from tungsten 惰性气体对钨中氧现场解吸的增强作用
British Journal of Applied Physics Pub Date : 1967-12-01 DOI: 10.1088/0508-3443/18/12/311
D. Bassett
{"title":"The enhancement by inert gases of the field desorption of oxygen from tungsten","authors":"D. Bassett","doi":"10.1088/0508-3443/18/12/311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0508-3443/18/12/311","url":null,"abstract":"Field desorption of oxygen from initially field-evaporated tungsten surfaces has been investigated to determine the extent to which the adsorbate is retained on the surface under the conditions for imaging in a field-ion microscope. Desorption of oxygen occurs in vacuum for electric fields greater than half the field needed to evaporate the tungsten substrate, probably by the desorption of oxide ions. Desorption occurs to only limited extent at a particular field because the energy barrier to desorption rises as desorption proceeds. The extent of desorption is greater the higher the electric field, and at the helium imaging field little adsorbate is retained on the surface. Desorption is greatly enhanced by the presence of the inert gases used in imaging. Helium, neon and argon at 1 mtorr lower the field for desorption to a particular oxygen coverage by approximately 12, 17 and 32% respectively. Differences between the character of desorption in vacuum and in gas and estimates of the height of the energy barriers to desorption in gas strongly suggest that the enhancement of desorption is caused primarily by energetic electrons released by field ionization of the inert gas. The extent of desorption in helium and neon at 78?K indicates that very little, if any, adsorbed oxygen is retained on a tungsten surface for the periods required in recording ion micrographs without image amplification.","PeriodicalId":9350,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"8 1","pages":"1753-1761"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1967-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87877482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 14
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