Indiana University journal of undergraduate research最新文献_第2页

Comparison of the Effect of Major- Versus Minor-Keyed Music on Long-Term Declarative Memory in High School Students 大调与小调音乐对高中生长期陈述性记忆影响的比较

Indiana University journal of undergraduate research Pub Date : 2018-12-16 DOI: 10.14434/IUJUR.V4I1.24524

A. Sayar

{"title":"Comparison of the Effect of Major- Versus Minor-Keyed Music on Long-Term Declarative Memory in High School Students","authors":"A. Sayar","doi":"10.14434/IUJUR.V4I1.24524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/IUJUR.V4I1.24524","url":null,"abstract":"This pilot study compared the effect of music played in major and minor keys on long-term declarative memory in high school students. Major and minor keys are pivotal theoretical distinctions in music known to trigger different emotional responses. While the influence of specific genres of music on memory have been studied, possible effects of the tonality of music have not been explored. It was hypothesized that music would improve LT-DM, and music played in the minor key would illicit a greater improvement than the major. A total of 21 volunteer high school students were equally randomized between two groups. Each group completed a control and an experimental long-term memory test. Tests comprised of a reading phase where students studied a standardized passage, and a multiple-choice question phase 7 days later, where their memory of the studied text was examined. The reading phase of the control test was conducted in a quiet environment. During the reading phase of the experimental test, a piece of piano music was played. The same music was played in the major key for one group and in the minor key for the other. Both groups demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in the experimental test compared to their own control (p = 0.0078, p = 0.0107). A trend towards better memory retention with the minor-keyed music was observed compared with the major key. The difference between the two groups of improvement with music, however, did not meet statistical significance (p = 0.31). A larger complementary study may provide more definitive information regarding comparative effects of major and minor musical keys on long-term memory.","PeriodicalId":92647,"journal":{"name":"Indiana University journal of undergraduate research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42655731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Sexual Dimorphism in the Gut Microbiome 肠道微生物组中的两性异形现象

Indiana University journal of undergraduate research Pub Date : 2018-12-16 DOI: 10.14434/IUJUR.V4I1.24491

Clarissa C. Ren, Kristyn E. Sylvia

引用次数: 4

The Effect of Whiteness and Attempts to Preserve It on Political Division in the United States 白人的影响及其对美国政治分裂的保护

Indiana University journal of undergraduate research Pub Date : 2018-12-16 DOI: 10.14434/IUJUR.V4I1.24172

Therin Alrik Showalter

{"title":"The Effect of Whiteness and Attempts to Preserve It on Political Division in the United States","authors":"Therin Alrik Showalter","doi":"10.14434/IUJUR.V4I1.24172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/IUJUR.V4I1.24172","url":null,"abstract":"Beginning in the early 1990s, the American public has become increasingly politically polarized. As party affiliations have become more rigid, a racial trend has emerged in which white voters are much less likely than black voters to identify as liberal or align with the Democratic Party. Using voting data from the 2016 presidential election, this study correlates the prevalence of whiteness in certain counties with those counties’ support for Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton. This paper first details the increasing polarization over the past decades and the dramatic shift of white voters away from liberalism. It then analyzes the political affiliations of other identity groups (such as women, millennials, and college graduates) that are majority liberal and demonstrates that, when restricted to their white members, those groups all lean conservative. \u0000The research results find a significant correlation between concentrated whiteness and a rejection of Hillary Clinton. The correlation on a national level is weaker, however, than the correlation of counties when separated regionally, suggesting that the relationship between whiteness and anti-liberalism depends heavily on a county’s degree of whiteness (or anti-liberalism) in its geographical context. While it is impossible to determine whether the race of white voters consciously motivates their voting behavior, the results suggest that American democracy is informed, in some way, by the racial identities of its participants. \u0000These results should encourage the public to discuss the current political climate and its intensely divided electorate from a racial perspective. If the nation perceives political division as a problem to be solved, it is essential to understand what factors might be causing the division. To that end, the results of this study would be fundamental to the nation’s dialogue and should be considered when voters make their decision on Election Day. ","PeriodicalId":92647,"journal":{"name":"Indiana University journal of undergraduate research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46653806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Influence of Cognitive Engagement on Temptation and Decision Making 认知参与对诱惑和决策的影响

Indiana University journal of undergraduate research Pub Date : 2018-12-16 DOI: 10.14434/IUJUR.V4I1.24508

B. Hull

{"title":"Influence of Cognitive Engagement on Temptation and Decision Making","authors":"B. Hull","doi":"10.14434/IUJUR.V4I1.24508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/IUJUR.V4I1.24508","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to determine students’ heightened susceptibility to temptation when cognitively engaged. Cognitively straining tasks require considerable focus, which inhibits the brain from the ability to effectively multi-task (Molfese et al., 2006). This may reduce the capacity for executive control during such engagement. This hypothesis was evaluated by offering participants an unhealthy (chocolate) or healthy (celery) food option during a memorization task (experimental group) or following a memorization task (control group). In the experimental group, students are cognitively engaged at the moment of the choice. This allows for the study to compare decision-making between the experimental and control group. Participants required to make a decision while actively participating in the memorization task chose the chocolate option significantly more often than participants who were offered the food after they had disengaged from the cognitive strain. This study could provide insight into how susceptible to temptation students are while under mental strain. It was hypothesized that as students are participating in a cognitively engaging task similar to studying, they will be more susceptible to choosing an unhealthy sugary snack rather than a healthier option. The data supported the idea that students who are cognitively engaged will be more susceptible to this temptation.","PeriodicalId":92647,"journal":{"name":"Indiana University journal of undergraduate research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49326223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Non-Stationarity in Stochastic Distributions of Cryptocurrency Returns 加密货币收益随机分布的非平稳性

Indiana University journal of undergraduate research Pub Date : 2018-12-16 DOI: 10.14434/iujur.v4i1.24543

Adam Wu

引用次数: 0

The Chilean Winter: A Student Revolution 智利的冬天：一场学生革命

Indiana University journal of undergraduate research Pub Date : 2018-12-16 DOI: 10.14434/IUJUR.V4I1.24207

S. Pickett

{"title":"The Chilean Winter: A Student Revolution","authors":"S. Pickett","doi":"10.14434/IUJUR.V4I1.24207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/IUJUR.V4I1.24207","url":null,"abstract":"The 2011 Chilean Winter was a student movement that fought to end the rampant inequality found in the nation’s neoliberal education policies, which found their origins in the reforms enacted during the 1980s by Chilean dictator General Augusto Pinochet. In response to the nation’s economic crisis, he attempted to cut government spending by decentralizing and privatizing the education system. The results were largely unfavorable; Chilean education came to be known for its socioeconomic stratification, unequal schools, and its exorbitantly expensive universities. Despite the undoubtedly negative outcome of Pinochet’s policies, they remained relatively untouched until student movements in 2006 and 2011 began to challenge them. Although almost all of the issues that the 2011 Chilean Winter addressed were the result of Pinochet’s policies, it would be incorrect to claim that the students were protesting his reforms. Instead, the movement was a reaction to the failure of the nation’s post-dictatorship governments, the Concertación coalition and right-centrist presidency of Sebastián Piñera, to restructure Chile’s neoliberal education system despite its numerous problems. This work aims to disprove the erroneous view of many newspapers and academic journals that the student movement was caused directly by Pinochet’s policies. In other words, I wish to separate protest against the legacy of the Pinochet reforms—that is the current system—from protest against the reforms themselves. The work will be divided into two main sections. The first section will focus on demonstrating the lasting impact of Pinochet’s education programs, with a particular emphasis on statistical studies performed by other researchers. The second section will be devoted to analyzing the roots of the 2011 student movement. This part of the investigation will focus on rhetoric from the students themselves, especially movement leader Camila Vallejo.","PeriodicalId":92647,"journal":{"name":"Indiana University journal of undergraduate research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45887963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Can the Machine Understand: An Evidence Based Approach to the Chinese Room 机器能理解吗：一种基于证据的中文室方法

Indiana University journal of undergraduate research Pub Date : 2018-12-16 DOI: 10.14434/IUJUR.V4I1.24547

Keiland W Cooper

引用次数: 1

Increasing Awareness of Substance Abuse and Addictions: Does Early Childhood Drug Education Provide Diversion from Using Drugs and/or Alcohol? 提高对药物滥用和成瘾的认识:儿童早期药物教育是否能转移吸毒和/或酗酒的注意力?

Indiana University journal of undergraduate research Pub Date : 2018-12-16 DOI: 10.14434/iujur.v4i1.24553

M. Bailey, S. Wasson, B. Roberts

{"title":"Increasing Awareness of Substance Abuse and Addictions: Does Early Childhood Drug Education Provide Diversion from Using Drugs and/or Alcohol?","authors":"M. Bailey, S. Wasson, B. Roberts","doi":"10.14434/iujur.v4i1.24553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/iujur.v4i1.24553","url":null,"abstract":"According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, 70 percent of adolescents have experimented with alcohol, while 20 percent have experimented with prescription drugs before their senior year in high school. Alcohol and drug abuse has become a nationwide problem. A small rural community in southern Indiana reports that almost 12 percent of its population uses drugs daily. The authors hypothesize that current school-based alcohol and drug curriculums are not robust enough to divert risky behavior during adolescence. Surveys were administered to residents living in two separate transitional homes for people with addiction. The surveys consisted of questions regarding drug and alcohol abuse related to childhood education. The process was completed using a descriptive study. Participants in the study (n = 17) revealed valuable information confirming their rationales for substance abuse. Overwhelmingly, all participants agreed that drug education needs to be available in early childhood education. As substance abuse escalates, so must our efforts to research and understand the problem. The examination of current adolescent drug and alcohol prevention programs isessential to help promote program evaluation and in identifying potential education needs for our youth.","PeriodicalId":92647,"journal":{"name":"Indiana University journal of undergraduate research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45778984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

One-for-One Companies: Helpful or Harmful? 一对一公司：有益还是有害？

Indiana University journal of undergraduate research Pub Date : 2018-12-16 DOI: 10.14434/iujur.v4i1.24398

Grace A. Taylor

{"title":"One-for-One Companies: Helpful or Harmful?","authors":"Grace A. Taylor","doi":"10.14434/iujur.v4i1.24398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/iujur.v4i1.24398","url":null,"abstract":"One-for-one companies, such as TOMS and Warby Parker, have become a common occurrence in the marketplace. These companies promise to donate a good or service for every product purchased. To date, millions of products have been donated worldwide. This paper seeks to analyze the positive and negative impacts of the one-for-one model on both the one-for-one company and the people receiving product donations. A specific focus of the paper is to determine whether the one-for-one model is helpful or harmful to companies and beneficiaries. To gather information, I contacted sixteen one-for-one companies and asked for reports, gathered preliminary research completed by news outlets such as Forbes and the New York Times, and analyzed academic research. The study finds that the one-for-one model can be both helpful and harmful, depending on the conditions in which the giving is done. For example, if there is an immediate need for a good that cannot be produced in the beneficiary country, then a donation would be beneficial. However, if a donation such as shoes ultimately takes away jobs and reduces the market in the beneficiary country, then it causes more harm and long-term damage than it prevents. As this model becomes more common, it is important that consumers know the impact of their purchases on the beneficiaries and the companies know the benefits and repercussions of their actions.","PeriodicalId":92647,"journal":{"name":"Indiana University journal of undergraduate research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41562288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

"Ewondo in the Classes, French for the Masses" “Ewondo在课堂上，法语为大众”

Indiana University journal of undergraduate research Pub Date : 2018-12-16 DOI: 10.14434/iujur.v4i1.24507

Parker Henry

{"title":"\"Ewondo in the Classes, French for the Masses\"","authors":"Parker Henry","doi":"10.14434/iujur.v4i1.24507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/iujur.v4i1.24507","url":null,"abstract":"Cameroon is home to over two hundred eighty native languages coming from three language families, making it one of the most linguistically diverse countries on Earth. Despite this, native languages hold very few domains in Cameroonian society. In recent years, several experimental programs have begun to implement native languages in schools, citing that children learn best in their mother tongue. Among these schools is ELAN-Afrique, an initiative put forth by La Francophonie with the main aim of helping students better learn French by way of their mother tongue. This paper seeks to differentiate the benefits prescribed or expected by ELAN leadership from the actual benefits occurring at one Ewondo-medium ELAN school in Yaoundé. The study includes a series of twenty interviews with program leadership, linguists, and NGOs, as well as teachers and parents of students enrolled in the program. Claims made in interviews were then validated or refuted by classroom observation. The program’s main flaw is the assumption that the students’ mother tongue is Ewondo when in reality, due to their urban upbringing, the students’ mother tongue is French. This causes the reality of the program to differ fundamentally from the expectations of La Francophonie as some predicted benefits are negated, some manifest differently than expected, and other benefits appear never having been predicted.","PeriodicalId":92647,"journal":{"name":"Indiana University journal of undergraduate research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41675595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1