{"title":"Underrepresentation and Symbolic Annihilation of Socially Disenfranchised Groups (\"Out Groups\") in Animated Cartoons.","authors":"Hugh Klein, Kenneth S Shiffman","doi":"10.1080/10646170802665208","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10646170802665208","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For many years, the mass media have been accused of providing negative and potentially-damaging messages to viewers. Some have complained that the media are replete with too much violence while others have lamented on media stereotyping of various groups. In this article, the authors examine the issues of underrepresentation and symbolic annihilation as they apply to one particular medium-namely, animated cartoons-to which people are exposed early in life, typically on a regular basis for many years. Our principal research questions are (a) To what extent do cartoons underrepresent and/or symbolically annihilate social groups that are not considered desirable in society-at-large? (b) Has underrepresentation and/or symbolic annihilation changed over time? and (c) When social \"out groups\" are shown, how are they depicted vis-a-vis \"in groups\"? To examine these questions, the authors examine portrayals based on gender, age, race, and sexual orientation. The data revealed that animated cartoons have a long history of underrepresenting and symbolically annihilating socially devalued \"out groups\" and that little has changed over the course of the past 65+ years. When \"out group\" members are included in cartoons, however, their portrayals tend not to be dramatically different-not better and not much worse-than those typical of their \"in group\" counterparts.</p>","PeriodicalId":92454,"journal":{"name":"The Howard journal of communications","volume":"20 1","pages":"55-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10646170802665208","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36476031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Race-Related Content of Animated Cartoons.","authors":"Hugh Klein, Kenneth S Shiffman","doi":"10.1080/10646170600829493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10646170600829493","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Relying upon a content analysis of 1 specific type of medium to which young people are exposed beginning at an early age, on a regular basis, and for many years (i.e., animated cartoons), the present study examines what types of messages are provided about being members of different racial groups. This research examines the following issues: (a) How prevalent are race-related content and overt acts of racism in animated cartoons? (b) Has this prevalence changed over time? (c) What \"types\" of characteristics tend to be associated with being Caucasian, African American, Latino, Native American, and Asian? Results indicate that the prevalence of racial minority groups has been low over the years, with gradual decreases in representation during recent years, when the American population of racial minorities has grown. As time has gone on, the presence of overt racism has decreased greatly, demonstrating particularly sharp declines in the years since the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. On most dimensions studied, members of different races were portrayed similarly.</p>","PeriodicalId":92454,"journal":{"name":"The Howard journal of communications","volume":"17 3","pages":"163-182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10646170600829493","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36491737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}