{"title":"Phenomenology based multiscale models as tools to understand cell membrane and organelle morphologies.","authors":"N Ramakrishnan, Ravi Radhakrishnan","doi":"10.1016/bs.adplan.2015.06.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.adplan.2015.06.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An intriguing question in cell biology is \"how do cells regulate their shape?\" It is commonly believed that the observed cellular morphologies are a result of the complex interaction among the lipid molecules (constituting the cell membrane), and with a number of other macromolecules, such as proteins. It is also believed that the common biophysical processes essential for the functioning of a cell also play an important role in cellular morphogenesis. At the cellular scale-where typical dimensions are in the order of micrometers-the effects arising from the molecular scale can either be modeled as equilibrium or non-equilibrium processes. In this chapter, we discuss the dynamically triangulated Monte Carlo technique to model and simulate membrane morphologies at the cellular scale, which in turn can be used to investigate several questions related to shape regulation in cells. In particular, we focus on two specific problems within the framework of isotropic and anisotropic elasticity theories: namely, (i) the origin of complex, physiologically relevant, membrane shapes due to the interaction of the membrane with curvature remodeling proteins, and (ii) the genesis of steady state cellular shapes due to the action of non-equilibrium forces that are generated by the fission and fusion of transport vesicles and by the binding and unbinding of proteins from the parent membrane.</p>","PeriodicalId":91442,"journal":{"name":"Advances in planar lipid bilayers and liposomes","volume":"22 ","pages":"129-175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/bs.adplan.2015.06.004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34411780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Liposomes: Methods and Protocols","authors":"N. B. Chacra","doi":"10.1007/978-1-0716-2954-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2954-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91442,"journal":{"name":"Advances in planar lipid bilayers and liposomes","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81612104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Cubic \"Faces\" of Biomembranes.","authors":"Zakaria A Almsherqi, Felix Margadant, Yuru Deng","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-381266-7.00004-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-381266-7.00004-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biomembranes are traditionally viewed as flat phospholipid-bilayer sheets delineating the cell boundaries and dividing the cell into multiple subcellular organelles with specialized functions. However, biological membranes may also fold up into three-dimensional nanoperiodic arrangements, termed cubic membranes. This type of geometry is mathematically well described and extensively studied in lipidic cubic phase systems. This chapter will (1) summarize similarities and dissimilarities between cubic membranes and cubic phases; (2) provide an update on the experimental data describing the role of lipids, proteins and electrostatic charges on the biogenesis of cubic membranes; and (3) discuss their potential function in intracellular macromolecular transport and as optical filters, as well as potential practical applications such as gene delivery vehicles.</p>","PeriodicalId":91442,"journal":{"name":"Advances in planar lipid bilayers and liposomes","volume":"12 ","pages":"79-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/B978-0-12-381266-7.00004-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37842054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}