Journal of the ICRU最新文献_第2页

Executive Summary 执行概要

Journal of the ICRU Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/1473669120966222

Tibor Toró, Tamás Kiss

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4 Conversion Coefficients 4转换系数

Journal of the ICRU Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/1473669120966214

引用次数: 1

Abstract 摘要

Journal of the ICRU Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/1473669119893129

G. Fernandez

{"title":"Abstract","authors":"G. Fernandez","doi":"10.1177/1473669119893129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473669119893129","url":null,"abstract":"Dosimetry methods for use in dose assessment for individuals following acute exposure to radiation are described. Primary methods include biodosimetry and physical dosimetry techniques, while additional supplementary methods are bioassays, neutron activation, and radiation field mapping. Biodosimetry methods include the established techniques of dicentric chromosome assay, cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay, translocation analysis by fluorescent in-situ hybridization, premature chromosome condensation, and the γ-H2AX assay. Emerging techniques include RNA expression-based, protein-based, and metabolomic-based assays. Physical dosimetry methods include electron paramagnetic resonance and the luminescence-based techniques of thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence. Electron paramagnetic resonance methods are used to assess absorbed dose in biologically derived materials, such as bone, teeth, and keratinous tissue, as well as non-biologically derived materials such as sugars, glasses, and polymeric materials used in fabrics and other personal items. Thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence techniques are used to assess absorbed dose in the components of personal electronics, along with other items such as plastic cards, fabrics, and clothing. There have also been similar efforts for teeth and dental repair ceramics. Since the above-listed techniques cannot distinguish between exposure to internal and external sources, bioassays may be used to assess exposure from internal contamination, including thyroid counting, chest counting, and excretion analysis methods. When a neutron exposure is expected, neutron activation analysis in blood, hair, or other non-biological items is useful. Radiation field mapping can be a useful method for determining locations where doses to individuals may be expected to be high and may complement radiation transport calculations performed for that purpose. Since immediate medical assessment is concerned with tissue reactions (deterministic effects), the quantity of interest for the above dosimetry methods is absorbed dose (expressed in gray). This Report concludes with a summary of the various methods and a brief discussion of the uses of such information in the aftermath of acute radiation exposure.","PeriodicalId":91344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ICRU","volume":"18 1","pages":"11 - 11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72619593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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3 Biodosimetry

Journal of the ICRU Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/1473669119893151

{"title":"3 Biodosimetry","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/1473669119893151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473669119893151","url":null,"abstract":"The interaction of ionizing radiation with biological systems results in a wide range of responses at the cellular and molecular levels. Using biodosimetry approaches, quantification of these responses can be used to estimate the dose of radiation an individual has received. In the context of radiation triage, a dose estimate serves as a surrogate of potential radiological injury. As biodosimetry techniques incorporate measurements of the actual individual biological response to radiation, biodosimetry may provide more accurate indicators of the potential extent of injury compared with physical dosimetry methods. It is not yet known, however, how closely the various biodosimetry approaches reflect individual injury or predict individual risk, so the current applications of biodosimetry are for the prediction of dose only. Biodosimetry techniques have been previously described in ICRU Report 68. This document aims to provide an up-todate description of biodosimetry methods, introducing newer methods [premature chromosome condensation (PCC), γH2AX, emerging “-omics” technologies] but not including methods no longer used (somatic mutations). The descriptions of some mature methodologies [dicentric chromosome assay (DCA), cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay, translocation analysis by fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH)] will overlap with those found in ICRU Report 68 but will also cover updated developments and are included herein to provide a sufficiently comprehensive description of biodosimetry to form a standalone document. A number of characteristics contribute toward the usefulness of biodosimetry and determine the situations in which a particular method will be the most useful. A biodosimeter should be considered regarding the following:","PeriodicalId":91344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ICRU","volume":"117 1","pages":"26 - 45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90379761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

7 External Dose Assessment Methods Based on Radiation Field Mapping 7基于辐射场测绘的外照射剂量评估方法

Journal of the ICRU Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/1473669119893183

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1 Introduction 1介绍

Journal of the ICRU Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/1473669119893144

Anonymous

{"title":"1 Introduction","authors":"Anonymous","doi":"10.1177/1473669119893144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473669119893144","url":null,"abstract":"For the first time ever, the European Journal of Public Health is publishing this supplement with the accepted, peer-reviewed abstracts of the 16th World Congress on Public Health (WCPH2020), held 12–16 October 2020 This Congress is organized by the World Federation of Public Health Associations, the European Public Health Association and the Italian Society of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health This World Congress is unlike any previous versions, as—due to the COVID-19 pandemic—it will be a 100% virtual congress This posed several challenges to the organizers and the field of public health at global level, but—thanks to the commitment of public health professionals worldwide—also offered new opportunities to network, exchange knowledge and learn from each other For the WCPH2020, we received a record number of 3764 single abstracts and 260 workshop proposals Abstracts and workshops were received from 107 countries This made the task of the International Scientific Committee (ISC) more time-consuming, and we are extremely grateful to the 134 experts from 36 countries who scored the abstracts and the workshops The abstracts were scored on a scale of 0–7 The ISC was chaired by Prof Martin McKee, UK The scoring members of the ISC are listed below An extra call for abstracts relating to the COVID-19 pandemic was launched in June and 65 Abstracts and 8 Workshops were received This resulted in a full congress track dedicated to COVID-19","PeriodicalId":91344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ICRU","volume":"19 1","pages":"13 - 17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81931404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Appendix 附录

Journal of the ICRU Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/1473669119893188

S. J. Berwin

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10 Conclusions and Recommendations 10结论与建议

Journal of the ICRU Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/1473669119893186

{"title":"10 Conclusions and Recommendations","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/1473669119893186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473669119893186","url":null,"abstract":"There exists a variety of methods that are currently under development, and/or have been suggested, for emergency dosimetry following acute exposure to radiation after a radiological incident. The main methods can be classified as biodosimetry and physical dosimetry and can be performed on biological materials (primarily blood), physical (nonbiological) materials, or materials that are biologically derived (teeth, bone, nails). In addition, these methods can be supplemented by neutron activation measurements (if a neutron dose is suspected) and/or bioassays (if internal contamination is suspected). Radiation field mapping and “time and motion” studies are also useful in many circumstances. Choice of method depends on the number of affected individuals, the type of radiation exposure, and whether or not the individual may have suffered internal radiological contamination as well as external irradiation. (It can be assumed that all affected individuals will have been externally exposed.) The choice of method also depends on the goal of the measurement. If the goal is rapid screening to determine approximately the level of individual exposure, then the methods selected may or may not be the same as those methods chosen for more detailed follow-up. The former methods might be used for triage purposes, whereas the latter may be used to assist medical practitioners in determining the most appropriate interventional medical therapy. A review and analysis of the various biological and physical dosimetry methods reveals a range of maturity levels for the various techniques. Some are of such maturity as to allow immediate application in the event of a largescale exposure. Primarily these are biodosimetry methods, for example, dicentric chromosome assay (DCA) and cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay. In contrast, many of the physical dosimetry methods are still under development. Based on laboratory intercomparisons, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) of electronic components is possibly the closest to real-world application. Other methods [e.g., thermoluminescence (TL)] and other target materials (e.g., smartphone glass) are still under experimental laboratory testing. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) of biologically derived material (e.g., teeth) is well developed for in-vitro analysis, but not yet for in-vivo analysis. Electron paramagnetic resonance analysis of finger and toe nails is not yet ready for widespread application, despite some efforts to date in small-scale accidents. None of the bioor physical dosimetry methods by themselves are able to distinguish between internal and external exposure. Combinations of methods might be able to indicate that an internal dose component is present, but confirmation would be necessary with bioassays. Similarly, the above techniques are not yet able to distinguish neutron dose from photon dose, and in addition several of the methods have low sensitivity to neutron exposure. Thus, when neutron e","PeriodicalId":91344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ICRU","volume":"17 1","pages":"124 - 128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75667704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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4 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Dosimetry 电子顺磁共振剂量测定

Journal of the ICRU Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/1473669119893153

{"title":"4 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Dosimetry","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/1473669119893153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473669119893153","url":null,"abstract":"Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), also termed electron spin resonance, is a spectroscopic technique known since the 1950s and used to detect and/or identify the sites of unpaired electrons in materials. These can be present in atoms, molecules, or molecular ions with incompletely filled atomic or molecular orbitals, and can be either endogenous such as in metals, or induced by processes such as oxidation (e.g., reactive oxidative species). Relevant to the current Report are those radicals induced by ionizing radiation. Electron paramagnetic resonance dosimetry for retrospective dose measurements performed a long time after a radiological incident has been described in ICRU Report 68 (ICRU, 2002). However, that report was limited to dosimetry using tooth enamel because this is the only material with radiation-induced EPR signals that are stable enough to maintain the information on radiation exposures for decades. Ionizing radiation generates radicals in several other materials, including glass, plastics, and keratinous tissues. Although these materials do not have EPR signals as sensitive and stable as those of tooth enamel, their ubiquity and the ease of sample acquisition make them very appealing for early-phase dose assessment in the aftermath of an acute radiation event. Ideally, a material for EPR dosimetry should have a minimum number of properties:","PeriodicalId":91344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ICRU","volume":"9 1","pages":"46 - 68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72904793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

5 Luminescence Dosimetry 5 .发光剂量法

Journal of the ICRU Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/1473669119893181

{"title":"5 Luminescence Dosimetry","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/1473669119893181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1473669119893181","url":null,"abstract":"The techniques of thermoluminescence (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) have long been used in conventional radiation dosimetry (Bøtter-Jensen et al., 2003; McKeever, 1985; McKeever et al., 1995; Yukihara and McKeever, 2011). Thermoluminescence dosimeters and OSL dosimeters comprise a very large proportion of the personal dosimetry market and are also used in multiple other dosimetry applications, including environmental dosimetry, high-dose dosimetry, space dosimetry, and medical dosimetry. It is of no surprise, therefore, that these techniques are also of interest in emergency dosimetry, using fortuitous materials that were on or part of an individual who might have been exposed during a radiological incident. These luminescence techniques are among the most sensitive methods available for the detection of radiation-induced effects in the target dosimetry material, and therefore high sensitivity is promised. Furthermore, the all-optical nature of the OSL method suggests ease of use, convenience, and high throughput. The TL and OSL techniques have been the subject of intense research in recent years on a variety of materials and material types. Nevertheless, although the methods offer promise, standardized protocols and accepted uses have not yet emerged. This section of the report, therefore, describes the state-ofthe-art of the application of luminescence techniques in emergency dosimetry and highlights the areas requiring additional work before an accepted and generalized standard method (or methods) can emerge.","PeriodicalId":91344,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the ICRU","volume":"1 1","pages":"69 - 87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75582776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3