Journal of neurology and neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Hydro-Mechanical Neonatal Encephalopathy (HNE): An Alternative Hypothesis","authors":"Talbert Dg","doi":"10.21767/2171-6625.1000245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21767/2171-6625.1000245","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The World Health Organisation estimates that 4 million neonatal deaths occur yearly due to perinatal asphyxia, representing 38% of deaths of children under 5 years of age. Typically, neonatal encephalopathy occurs unexpectedly following an otherwise uneventful pregnancy. Studies have shown that neural damage after hypoxiaischemia is delayed for several hours and that treatment with prolonged moderate hypothermia reduces cerebral injury and improves neurological outcome. Moderate hypothermia for 72 hours, if started within 6 hours of birth, reduces the rate of death and disability seen at 18 months of age. Current explanations concentrate on various maladies that might cause such profound injuries. This hypothesis proposes the existence of a mechanical form of trauma arising in the birthing process. The hydro-mechanical hypothesis: The Hydro-Mechanical Hypothesis comes in two phases, an initial effusive phase, followed by an ischemic phase. The effusive phase occurs, and can only occur, during delivery. The full uterine contraction pressure appears across the walls of cerebral vessels as the head emerges, but the body and placenta are still subject to contraction pressure. This pressure rapidly drives fluid out of cerebral vasculature into the surrounding interstitium. The ischemic phase follows delivery. The distending pressure is no longer present, but the interstitial pressure remains high, constricting vessels, particularly cerebral capillaries and venules. This temporary compression will only last until the excessive interstitial fluid has dispersed, but many neurons may die in the meantime. Hypothermia works by reducing the metabolic demand in the neurons so that they can survive, though not necessarily function, on a meagre gas exchange until the excess interstitial fluid has dispersed and normal blood flow is restored. Conclusion: A hydro-mechanical form of Neonatal Encephalopathy is possible which has no connection with the preceding pregnancy. This form would be expected to benefit from appropriate hypothermic therapy.","PeriodicalId":91329,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurology and neuroscience","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21767/2171-6625.1000245","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68067118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Interesting Eating Epilepsy Case Induced by Bread Eating","authors":"M. Kisli, Ahmet Yardım","doi":"10.21767/2171-6625.1000276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21767/2171-6625.1000276","url":null,"abstract":"Eating epilepsy is evaluated in reflex epilepsies (RE). Different genetic, ethnic, acquired factors and to the bulky meals rich in carbohydrates consumed may play a role in etiology of RE or supported by a brain lesion. In this situation, seizures provoked by eating is a rare entity and the ictal semiology differs from patient to patient. Focal impaired awareness seizure is most commonly described. Diffuse cerebral damage is often noted on MRI. Reproduction of these seizures during EEG recording is often difficult as the stimulus is frequently complex, involving different components of eating, such as the sight of food, proprioceptive, olfactive or gustative stimulations, chewing, salivation, and gastric distension of eating. The case presented here was an eating epilepsy case triggered by bread eating and implicated, based on EEG and MRI.","PeriodicalId":91329,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurology and neuroscience","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21767/2171-6625.1000276","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68071826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex Differences in Hippocampal Long-Term Depression and the N-Methyl-DAspartate Receptor in Rats - Positive Correlation between LTD and Glun2b Subunit","authors":"N. Dursun, Y. Bayar, B. Tan, C. Süer, Hamiyet Dönmez AltuntaÅ","doi":"10.21767/2171-6625.1000267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21767/2171-6625.1000267","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Numerous studies have suggested that sexual dimorphism may exist in learning and memory. Herein, we associated sex differences in the long-term potentiation (LTP) and the long-term depression (LTD) with the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits, given their well-known roles in the establishment of longterm memory. Methods: After a 15-min baseline recording, LTP and LTD were induced by application of high- and low- frequency stimulation protocols, respectively. The averages of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) slopes and population spike (PS) amplitudes between 70-75 minutes were used as a measure of the LTP/LTD. The mRNA level of GluN1, GluN2A and GluN2B subunits were evaluated using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis. Results: Male and female rats showed no differences in a pre-LTP and pre-LTD I/O curves. Although the magnitude of LTP was similar between sexes, female animals exhibited LTD in much more easily than their male counterparts in the absence of the difference in I/O curves. Concomitantly, none of transcript significantly differed between sexes for baseline gene expression, while the decreasing NR2A/NR2B ratio in female rats throughout LTP and LTD time courses was only observed after LTP in male rats. In addition, NR1 mRNA expression was increased in male rats compared to female rats 60- min after LTP induction. Conclusion: The capacity for LTD expression is higher in female rats compared to male rats in young adult ages, and this sex difference is paralleled by a sex difference in GluN2B subunit generated by perforant path LFS. The present study suggests that sex differences in hippocampus-dependant learning tasks may be result of sexually dimorphic hippocampal LTD, but not LTP.","PeriodicalId":91329,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurology and neuroscience","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21767/2171-6625.1000267","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68069432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Multiplex PCR for Detection of Duchunne Muscular Dystrophy: A Childhood Neuromuscular Disorder","authors":"Gaurava Srivastava, P. Srivastava","doi":"10.21767/2171-6625.1000262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21767/2171-6625.1000262","url":null,"abstract":"Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive disorder that affects 1 in 3,600 - 6,000 males and is caused by mutation in the dystrophin gene. This is neuromuscular disorder with progressive muscle weakness, which predominantly affect males. Till date no absolute cure of the disease is available in clinical practice. Early diagnosis and timely management are requisite for DMD and it enhances the quality of life of patients. Various diagnostic approaches are available but due to accuracy, early detection and non-invasive method molecular tools are most remarkable in recent era. Multiplex PCR has emerged as one of the most convenient tools for screening of DMD in terms of its sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, cost effectiveness and time consumption. The current study emphasizes advantages and shortcomings of multiplex PCR with reference to most of the past studies along with its challenges for DMD detection in detail. Mutation detection is evidently crucial for diagnosis, as well as it may also be significant for future therapeutic purposes. Further research is important to elucidate specific mutation pattern in association with management and therapies of proband.","PeriodicalId":91329,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurology and neuroscience","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21767/2171-6625.1000262","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68069555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Basic Mechanisms of Glioblastoma Multiforme Cell Invasion: A Review Article","authors":"M. Waqas, S. Enam, M. Batool, H. Rai","doi":"10.21767/2171-6625.1000279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21767/2171-6625.1000279","url":null,"abstract":"Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and lethal primary glial neoplasm. GBM can develop both “de novo” or evolve from a previous astrocytoma, being characterized by high proliferation and infiltration into the surrounding tissue. This invasive behavior is the most contributing factor for the poor prognosis of this cancer, despite the multimodal treatment with surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Understanding and targeting the molecular mechanisms regulating glioma invasion and progression may help in identifying novel therapeutic targets for GBM treatment. This review will give an overview of some of the signaling pathways that have been shown to positively and negatively regulate GBM invasion, including the Wnt, PI3K/Akt, sonic hedgehog-GLI1 and microRNAs.","PeriodicalId":91329,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurology and neuroscience","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21767/2171-6625.1000279","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68073188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Allostastic Load and Allostatic Weight: A Literature Review of a Confusing Concept","authors":"F. E. Sosso","doi":"10.21767/2171-6625.1000242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21767/2171-6625.1000242","url":null,"abstract":"Allostatic load is a recent emerging concept, related to increase of clinical manifestation of stress. also named allostatic weight, it is a group of symptoms and dysfunction due to an intensive and permanent biological response to environmental and psychological stressors. It is not easy to identify clearly how its happened, when it started and during how many times response was higher. In definitive, researchers, patients and even health practitioners; are not currently able to handle this problem. In this review, we discuss about different approaches and definitions of what is an allostatic weight. We also give perspective and suggestion of what should be the next research in this context.","PeriodicalId":91329,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurology and neuroscience","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21767/2171-6625.1000242","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68066836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"VCAM-1 as an Endothelial Factor for Diagnosis of Dementia in Parkinsonâs Disease","authors":"A. Sobhani, Homa Ebrahimi, A. Ebrahimi, M. Saadatnia, H. Orooji, A. Chitsaz","doi":"10.21767/2171-6625.1000243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21767/2171-6625.1000243","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Cognitive changes are often reported in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Numerous studies showed that there are changes in the patterns of inflammation when vascular dementia progressed, but the role of inflammation in PD is unknown. Methods: 75 consecutive diagnosed PD patients included. Patients divided into idiopathic PD (n=55) and PDD (n=20) based on DSM–IV criteria for diagnosis of dementia. Serum levels of vascular and inflammatory biomarkers for interleukin-6 (IL-6), high sensitivity-C reactive protein (hs- CRP), soluble intracellular cell adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) investigated by ELISA assay and compared between PD and PDD. Result: The significant enhancement of the VCAM-1 only found in serum of PDD compared to PD (56/06 ± 58/16 ng/ml vs. 30/43 ± 38/30, P=0/04), even after adjustment age, gender and hypertension (OR=1/01, P=0/05). Cut-off point of VCAM-1 levels was equal to or greater than as 40/14 ng/ml for differentiating dementia in PD from PD without dementia with sensitivity and specificity were 73%, 64%. Conclusion: PDD patients had significant higher levels of VCAM-1 than PD, suggesting the serum levels of VCAM-1 may be a useful marker for PDD diagnosis. Future studies are needed to investigate possible association betweenVCAM-1 levels in PDD in larger sample size.","PeriodicalId":91329,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurology and neuroscience","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21767/2171-6625.1000243","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68066888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vitamin D Deficiency: A Cause of Secondary Lumbar Canal Stenosis - A Case Report","authors":"S. Goswami, Mukesh Dube","doi":"10.21767/2171-6625.1000280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21767/2171-6625.1000280","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Degenerative lumbar canal stenosis presents with low backache. Ligamentum flavum hypertrophy secondary to vitamin D deficiency causes central canal stenosis. This is a common presentation in obese females residing in North India. Case presentation: We present the case of a young, obese, north Indian 32-year-old female, who had a history of chronic low mild backache, with reduced spine mobility, with MRI lumbosacral scan revealing grade I spondylolisthesis with spondylolysis seen at L4 over L5 and ligamentum flavum and facetal hypertrophy. Further workup showed raised serum parathormone (PTH) and deficient serum 25-OH Vitamin D total levels. Hypovitaminosis D was responsible for the ligamentum flavum hypertrophy and secondary lumbar canal stenosis. She was discharged on Vitamin D replenishment regimen. Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency is coexistent with low backache, secondary to degenerative lumbar canal stenosis.","PeriodicalId":91329,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurology and neuroscience","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21767/2171-6625.1000280","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68072853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Finding Markers in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Diagnosis","authors":"B. Hern, Ez","doi":"10.21767/2171-6625.1000239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21767/2171-6625.1000239","url":null,"abstract":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is an uncommon illness, it is caused by moto neuron degeneration, upper, lower and bulbar muscles are affected. Some research also report degeneration in no motor structures of the brain. We proposed to evaluate Electrophysiological and Image techniques like markers in ALS diagnosis and correlate these results. During January 2015 to January 2017, twenty patients with ALS diagnosis and twenty health subjects were evaluated. Sensory and by motor nerve conduction studies, Electromyography, Somato- Sensory Evoked Potentials were done to the patients. 3T MRI image were obtained from the patients and from the health subjects. Post processing MRI techniques like voxel based morphometric, diffusion techniques and corticospinal tract and corpus callosum tractography were applied at different levels of the brain structures. Nerve conduction study was positive in 90% of the patients, SSEP were positive in 60% and EMG abnormalities were observed in 100% of patients. Anatomic MRI was positive in 50% of the patients. Fractional Anisotropy was reduced in ALS group in comparison with health group, more significant at cortex, internal capsule and corpus callosum. Fibers number of cortico-spinal tract and corpus callosum were diminished in ALS group in relation to health group. Also grey and white matter were reduce in ALS group, in areas such as: cingulate gyrus, anterior portion of occipital lobe, left caudate and putamen nucleus, right claustrum nucleus, lower and medium temporal gyrus bilateral, left precentral and post-central gyrus, corpus callosum, corticospinal tract, bilateral internal capsule, bilateral optical radiation, bilateral lower longitudinal fascicle, bilateral hippocampal fimbriae, bilateral radiated corona and pontocerebellar fibers. Electrophysiological studies confirmed ALS diagnosis in 100% of cases. MRI methods show abnormalities in motor and not motor structures of brain in ALS patients. They could be markers in early ALS diagnostic.","PeriodicalId":91329,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurology and neuroscience","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21767/2171-6625.1000239","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68065783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurophysiological and Images Studies in a Case of Foreign Accent Syndrome Secondary to Multiple Sclerosis","authors":"B. Hern, Ez","doi":"10.21767/2171-6625.1000240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21767/2171-6625.1000240","url":null,"abstract":"Foreign Accent Syndrome (FAS) is rare speech disorder that affects about 80 persons in all the world, it´s a rare speech disorder characterized by segmental (abnormality in time of pronunciation of vocal and consonant) and prosodical deficits (abnormality in rhythm and intonation of words and phrases) without abnormal grammatical abnormalities, the patient´s speech resembles a nonnative accent. The most of cases present like an acquired abnormality of the speech due to a damage of the central nervous system. It could be secondary to neurologic or psychogenic disturbances. We present a case of FAS. It was a 65 years old woman with diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis. Neurophysiological and Image tests were done to her. Visual Evoked Potential showed abnormality of nerve conduction on visual system due to demyelinating, Somatosensory Evoked Potential showed abnormality of nerve conduction on somatosensory way at left parietal area, probably due to demyelinating. EEG revealed paroxysmal activity on bilateral Fronto-Centro-Temporal regions, a peak of energy on theta band in all of derivation, predominantly in lower Frontal and Temporal regions and increase of absolute and relative power as well as mean frequency of theta band on lower Frontal and Temporal regions. 3T MRI showed hyperintense yuxtaxial image in cortical regions, hypointense images in brain stem, demyelinating plaques on left Frontal, Parietal and Temporal subcortical areas and in periventricular regions. We conclude that FAS is a rare disorder, it could be associated to Multiple Sclerosis.","PeriodicalId":91329,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neurology and neuroscience","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21767/2171-6625.1000240","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68066629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}